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Go to Editorial ManagerThe expansion of chemical and pharmaceutical data increases the need for enhanced computational systems that can interpret molecule structures and forecast chemical properties. Due to the fact that molecular visualization or prediction of chemical properties are presently performed separately during the chemical research and initial drug development processes, chemical research and the initial drug development process are not as efficient as possible. As such, the research presents a fully integrated model that predicts chemical properties with a single input method (SMILES strings) for both 2D and 3D representations of molecular structure, while at the same time utilizing SMILES strings to reconstruct the molecule and extract the features from the molecule. The research develops physicochemical descriptors and circular (Morgan) fingerprints which scientists use to create features for training ensemble-based machine learning models that predict essential molecular properties. The framework enables users to create interactive two-dimensional and three-dimensional molecular visualizations which show the molecular structure in an intuitive way while displaying the results of quantitative prediction methods. The proposed method enhances usability and analytical efficiency through its unified visualization system for prediction and interpretation which outperforms current standalone tools. The Python prediction and visualization pipeline with MATLAB verification tool enables independent assessment of three-dimensional molecular geometries to confirm spatial structure representation and conformer generation while maintaining model training and inference integrity. The framework enables organizations to incorporate new datasets and molecular descriptors and learning algorithms through its modular scalable and extensible design which demonstrates the successful application of cheminformatics-based representations and machine learning to drive data-based molecular research and decision-making in chemical and pharmaceutical fields.
This study develops a decision-oriented uncertainty quantification methodology for analyzing as-built surface roughness in laser powder bed fusion/direct metal laser sintering (LPBF/DMLS) SS316L. A Taguchi L9 design was used to vary laser power (300-360 W), scan speed (800-1000 mm·s-1), and layer thickness (20-80 μm), producing nine process settings with three independently fabricated specimens per setting, resulting in 27 total specimens. Surface roughness was measured by contact stylus profilometry using arithmetic mean roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum profile height (Rz). The mean roughness varied within narrow ranges, Ra as 5.748-5.952 μm, Rq as 6.673-6.811 μm, and Rz as 28.828-28.892 μm, while within-setting scatter remained non-negligible, particularly for Rz. Probabilistic regression models were evaluated using leave-one-setting-out validation, negative log predictive density, interval coverage, calibration diagnostics, and reliability-driven accept/reject analysis. For Ra and Rq, a low-capacity linear mean model with pooled variance achieved the best predictive density, indicating limited transportable heteroscedastic structure under setting-wise extrapolation. For Rz, a nonlinear mean model with pooled variance performed best. Unregularized two-stage variance learning produced unstable uncertainty estimates, whereas shrinkage regularization improved calibration and reduced spurious setting-dependent variance effects. The decision analysis showed that calibration strongly influences process acceptance, reliability thresholds sharply reduced the number of accepted settings, and shrinkage-stabilized uncertainty produced a conservative and consistent decision frontier. The main contribution of this work is the integration of grouped validation, probabilistic calibration, variance-shrinkage modelling, and reliability-aware decision analysis for surface roughness qualification in LPBF/DMLS SS316L.
Due to the Kurdistan regional government-KRG district mission potential towards huge solar energy power generation plant investments by global investors, a genuine study is required to explore the impact of PV-panels installation angles on power generation gain within all seasons duration as the KRG located in four season area which, affect the annual total power gain due to daylight duration effect in each season. The proposed study was conducted within a duration of “513” days utilizing three PV tilt installation angle tests of “ 30⁰, 35⁰, and 40⁰ ” with “ 545 watts single side PV plates” selecting the Erbil district area gaining a crucial role in maximizing energy output for comparison, Results presented a significant variation in power gain due to deviations in annual effective daylight duration effectively mostly a reduction in cold seasons within 25%-37.7% drops compared to the hot season, while the sunset and sunrise duration presented a significant influence of 5%-10% drops in power generated. The season change shows a significant influence of weather variation in each calendar on power gain annually. The installation orientation angle impact presented divergence in production within the cold season only. Process output can potentially unlock a novelty awareness of the investors toward innovative yield project optimization in the area as it will affect the annual power purchasing influence and production divergence with interest.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology has so many striking characteristics which includes low sensitivity to fading, superior performance, low interference, easy to penetrate in walls as well as in floor. The main motive of this work is to analyze the capability of UWB technology as various aspects and improve its performance, since the main drawback of this system is that the power spectral density of the transmitted signal is rather limited. The MIMO technology may provide a solution by increasing the received SNR for the same transmission power, but the problem in this case is the spatial correlation resulted. To solve the problem two technologies are integrated along with the UWB using Time Reverse (TR) by TR-MIMO and TR-SIMO. Among these integrations, the robust performance of the UWB is analyzed by comparing the transmission rates for a given outage probability. In the last step, the (SIMO/MIMO)-UWB and TR-(SIMO/MIMO)-UWB were compared in terms of BER values to create the way of applying the UWB in so many applications.
Strengthening elastomers by the Nano-fillers, for example, Graphite subordinates, have high embellishments on their attributes. In the present work, Graphene Oxide (GO) nano-sheets have scattered in huge rubbers was Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR). Enhancement the vulcanization procedure on (GO/NBR) nano-composite elastic was performed by arrangement blending strategy and rumination blending method. Scattering of GO into NBR was homogenous, where affirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-beam Diffraction (XRD) test. Breaking down the useful gatherings by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) has been explored as well. Diverse stacking wt% of GO inside NBR has clear impacts on the rigidity and flexibility conduct of the nano-composite. Impact of GO on the electrical conductivity and persuasive properties of GO/NBR nano-composite elastic portrayed too. The GO presence has upgraded the crosslinking trademark in GO/NBR nano-composite elastic and enhanced its properties.
Alternative fuels come from non-traditional sources and can partly replace fossil fuels to cut environmental impact and support sustainable energy use. A single-cylinder diesel engine with rated power 5.2 Kw at 1500 rpm was tested with American Saffron Biodiesel blends. B0 (diesel), B10 (B10D90), B20 (B20D80), and B30 (B30D70), under different loads, and the results were compared with diesel. B20 showed the best improvement, with 13.41% higher brake thermal efficiency and 30.3% lower fuel usage than conventional fuel, at 100% load. B30 reduced HC by 5.88%, while B10 gave the lowest CO, reduced by 8.51%. The main contribution is the use of decision tree machine-learning regression to predict and optimize performance and emissions. The model achieved R = 0.91 and R² = 0.83, supporting the prediction of multivariable engine responses across operating conditions.
In precision agriculture, crop disease detection can be a highly valuable undertaking in which scalable and correct solutions may save considerable amounts of money and loss of yield. This paper introduces a comparative analysis of state-of-the-art deep learning models with special attention to EfficientNetB3 hybrids, which are trained on a balanced subsample of the PlantVillage dataset with 33 classes based on nine crops. To overcome the shortcomings of the previous studies, which used unbalanced sample, a leakage-free balancing approach was used, resulting in 13,200 training and 3,300 validation samples. Custom head transfer learning was used where it was tested using two strategies; FreezeUnfreeze fine-tuning, and Singlephase training. MobileNetV2, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, GhostNet, in addition to other baseline CNNs, were compared to baseline Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The findings indicate that EfficientNetB3 hybrids are superior with an accuracy of ≥99.5% and 99.9% Area Under the Curve (AUC) and specificity than the previous CNN-based systems. The paper logically defines a performance ladder between model options and real-life deployment demands, such as lightweight mobile applications to precision agriculture systems, and points out future trends in the field-based validation.
The aim of this work is to optimize EPD variables (voltage, time, and focus) using alternating current through the Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE). Coating Nano hydroxyapatite (Nano-HA) on a Ti6Al4V substrate depends on thickness and roughness, then characterization of a coating layer to determine the optimum state. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate by electro-deposition with ethanol as a solvent under AC current, to improve the alloy surface quality based on coating thickness and maximum coating mass meeting the requirements of a biological orthopedics application. Ethanol was used as a solvent to precipitate ketazone and HAp on the base alloy. Taguchi's approach was used in order to determine the optimal conditions for EPD and subsequently to apply various criteria for depositing the biochemical coating. The surface and cross-section composition of the paint is described by characterization. Numerous tests and inspections; Zeta, XRD and SEM stability test, water contact angle and optical microscopes were used to describe the surface morphology of the HAp layer. The value of the optimum conditions for deposition of the HAp layer which is a simultaneous thickness and maximum coating mass, was predicted at a sedimentation voltage of 40 V, 2 min sedimentation time and 1 g / L for the concentration of the suspended solution at room temperature. The validity of the model resulting from the response surface methodology was assessed by comparing the expected results with the experimental results. In addition, close agreement was observed between the experimental results and the expected results. For the solution at room temperature, the results obtained with the highest value of the coating thickness of 41at the surface roughness of 0.94 and the contact angle of the alloy before coating is 67.489º reduced to. 38.132º after plating, which indicates an increase in the harmony of the metal implant and biocompatibility.
This study establishes a risk aware, multi objective methodology to select diesel plastic fuel α-terpineol blends that deliver robust engine performance across operating loads in a common rail direct injection diesel engine. Heterogeneous responses brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, smoke, and exhaust gas temperature are mapped to a unitless desirability scale and aggregated by load. Conditional Value at Risk across loads then prioritizes worst case behavior. By Conditional Value at Risk at level 0.20, the ranking is: diesel 0.242, diesel plastic fuel with 15% α-terpineol 0.197, 10% α-terpineol is 0.177, 5% α-terpineol is 0.157, diesel plastic fuel is 0.141, waste plastic fuel is 0.081. Relative to neat diesel plastic fuel, worst-case performance improves by 11% at 5% α-terpineol, 26% at 10% α-terpineol, and 40% at 15% α-terpineol, with the 100% load consistently governing the tail. Average brake specific fuel consumption decreases from 0.4553 to 0.4217 kg/kWh at 15% α-terpineol, average exhaust gas temperature falls from 321.4 to 293.0°C. Duty map mean oxides of nitrogen reduce from 512 to 474 ppm, hydrocarbons fall from 42.67 to 35.73 ppm. At full load, carbon monoxide declines from 0.52 to 0.46 %vol., and smoke opacity decreases from 52.28 to 49.71%. Within the tested window, 15% α-terpineol in diesel plastic fuel is the risk aware first choice, with 10% α-terpineol a near optimal alternative. The methodology remains stable under risk aversion and weighting changes at high-load calibration.
The effects of the repeated solution heat treatment on hardness, tensile strength and microstructure of aluminum were investigated. For this purpose, an alloy of AA6061-T6 was undergo to cyclic solution heat treatment process which is composed of repeated period (10 min) held at 520 °C for 1, 4, 8 and 12 cycles. The hardness was tested for five aging times (as quenching, one week, three weeks, one month and five months) to all cycles (1, 4, 8 and 12) firstly and it is found that the hardness of five months as aging time for all cycles has the best results (90Hv) as compared with others (as quenching, one week, three weeks, and one month), so it was adopted for all cycles to implement the tensile test and the microstructure. Hardness results were improved to Vickers hardness of (90Hv) with increasing of cycles up to 8 cycles then decreasing after that to (45Hv). Tensile results were showed an increment (34%) also for the same group of 8 cycles compared with (17%) and (9%) for 4 and 12 cycles, respectively. Microstructure is revealed that whenever cycles are increased, the precipitate phase in alloy is increased also, thus, it is improved the hardness and tensile strength.
This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithm for multi-agent networked systems considering the role of directed information flow. Improvement of the performance of the implemented consensus algorithm has been achieved by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence are applied as well. Our analysis framework is based on tools algebraic Graph Theory (GT). Simulation of multi-agent system and the performance of a consensus algorithm have been discussed. Acceleration the network while approaching the required goal has been accomplished and elimination of undesired swing that appears during the acceleration was proved.
In this work, the vibrations in the rotor-bearing system are studied experimentally and theoretically using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1 software to compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes. In the experimental part, the LABVIEW software was used to examine the signal of the frequency domain values obtained from the accelerometer sensors, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technology and dynamic response spectrum. in the theoretical part, the natural frequencies are determined based on the finite element method for analyzing the system and knowing its behavior and vibration response level. The results showed that the level of vibration becomes higher at high rotational speeds, and it becomes large when the distances between the bearings are large, according to the bearing position and type used in the system. in this work can be concluded, the system is usually affected by the dynamic response around it and is difficult to separate from it, and the vibrations in the system can be controlled by adding an external damping source, which gives the system more stable. A system operating at high speeds can give a large vibration and an unbalanced response.
Many mobile applications use infrared (IR) and Ultrasonic sensors for distance measurements. In this paper, these two types of sensors have been used in building obstacle detection system and the attributes of each sensor has been tested, the system consists of transmitter and receiver circuit, furthermore, Arduino UNO card has been used for transmitting and receiving signal for each type of sensor based on the Arduino software. The test was performed through distributing these sensors on the road then analyze the reflected signal. Neural network trained and used for monitoring the street and producing the number of cars in each line of street and the total number of cars in the same street.
The research aims to make a comparison between two highly used aluminum alloy though studding the effects left by the microwave furnace wavelengths by (middle dry and amid aqueous solutions) on the mechanical properties and estimated fatigue life of highly resistant widely use aluminum alloy AA 7075-T6 and AA 2024-T3. Since the microwave effect differ from other heating methods through its effects (Heat Transfer) r heating methods effects on the surface of the alloy, which might change some of its properties as well as resistance to fatigue, also to see how this effect changes from alloy to another through this study. The results show some great effects on both mechanical properties and estimated fatigue life for both alloys but with different levels. This new technique is differing from other traditional heat treating ones that is simple, cheap and fast accurate method than the other techniques.There is a common misconception about the use of minerals in microwave ovens and the concept is unscientific and based on false grounds and simplest proof of that is that most of these ovens are built from the inside metal fully, how dangerous this is consistent? This research aims to focus on and remove those problematic and misconceptions.
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a modern solid-state joining process able to weld similar and dissimilar overlap joints in different classes of materials and is widely being considered for automotive industry. In this work, the mechanical behavior ) i.e. tensile shear tests, Microhardness(, and microstructure of friction stir spot welded joints were studied for AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets with thickness of 1.6 mm. Series of FSSW experiments were conducted using vertical CNC milling machine type "C-tek". FSSW is carried out at different pin profiles (cylindrical, taper, and triangular) and tool rotational typically speeds, i.e. 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 rpm. Based on the welding experiments conducted in this study, the results show that sheets welded by triangular pin tool have highest tensile shear load, of 3.2 kN, followed by welds with cylindrical pin, while welds made using taper pin has the tensile shear load 2.1 kN at optimum speed of 1200 rpm. Also the pin shape and rotational speed had an obvious effect on microstructural parameters i.e. hook height and bond width.
The standardization and preprocessing decisions determine the performance, reproducibility and generalizability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in cervical spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In this research, the author suggests a six-step standardized preprocessing pipeline that can help with the reliable analysis of heterogeneous MRI data using AI. It is obtained by the pipeline based on recurrent methodological patterns found in the literature, focusing on the operations reported to stabilize image intensity distribution and reduce unwanted sources of variability. A systematic literature review was screened on 2,882 records, and 43 articles were included per the inclusion criteria. Due to the large variability of imaging procedures, preprocessing plans, and reported outcomes metrics, no quantitative meta-analysis was performed and a qualitative synthesis was done. Basic methods such as segmentation, denoising, intensity normalization, augmentation, bias-field correction were consistently reported to improve AI performance. Studies evaluating tasks such as normalization and automated segmentation reported accuracies of 94% to 99.95%. Moreover, less-specific harmonization methods like Combatting Batch Effects (ComBat), z-score normalization and histogram matching, and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based ones were also often attributed with lower scanner- and site-based variations. Regardless of these improvements, the AI workflow remains unstable because of the irregularity of predefined parameters, unequal standards of acquisition, and lack of methodological reporting. In efforts to deal with such challenges, the current work proposes a methodical six-stage preprocessing model that consists of quality control, noise removal, intensity normalization, anatomical segmentation, harmonization and validation. The suggested workflow model offers a practical and transparent basis of clinically translatable AI usage in cervical spine MRI based on conventional mathematical equations and clear documentation.
Welding residual stress has influences on fatigue, fracture, and corrosion. It is therefore important to explore the welding factors effect on the residual stresses. In this work, four welding factors (current, arc voltage, welding travel speed and included angle) were used to weld low carbon steel (ASTM A516 Grade 60).The experiments included welding of (60) pieces with dimensions of (300 x 150) mm and 10 mm thickness that were conducted based on the design matrix founded by using design of experiment (DOE) software (DESIGN EXPERT 10) with response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to measure the residual stress, which was then modeled and optimized in terms of the welding factors using (RSM) technique. The data showed that the welding travel speed and arc voltage have a significant influence on the residual stress. It was found that the optimum solution for minimum residual stress was at 450 Amp welding current, 34 volt arc voltage, 38 cpm welding speed, and 60? included angle. Where, the optimum value of residual stress was (-88.4 MPa). Finally, the predicted and experimental results of residual stress were in agreement with a maximum error of 1.8%.
In this paper, a dynamic analysis has been carried out on zoned earthdam subjected to earthquake excitation in which pore water pressure, effective stresses and displacements are calculated. The finite element method is used and the computer program Geo-Studio is adopted in the analysis through its sub-programs SEEP/W and QUAKE/W. A case study is considered to be Khassa Chai dam which is located on Khassa Chai river north of Iraq and consists of zoned embankment with a total length of 3.34 km. The selected earthquake for the analysis is El-Centro earthquake with a period of 10 sec and different amplitudes of acceleration. The time of the analysis is taken as 600 sec. with a time step (?t = 0.05 sec.) to investigate the behavior of the soil for a period of time after the earthquake has stopped, a free vibration period is included in the analysis. It was concluded that the value of pore water pressure generated at the base of the core is greater than that in the upper parts of dam. The horizontal and vertical effective stresses continue to decrease during the period of analysis 600 sec. which indicates that the soil continues to weaken during this period, the horizontal displacement increases with depth of the point from the crest and the largest horizontal displacement will be at the base of the dam at time 60 sec and There is attenuation of the acceleration to some degree depending on the amplitude of the input horizontal acceleration. The maximum horizontal displacement decreases by about 37%, 45% and 49% when using a horizontal drain 2 m thick at the downstream under a peak acceleration of 0.05g, 0.1g and 0.2g, respectively.
In recent decades, many factors have emerged in the building design field, as the technology development after the industrial revolution has left many environmental problems affecting building environments and turning them into unhealthy ones. Also, the issues of consuming natural resources required innovative and modern solutions to address, which needed the guidance and focus of researchers, engineers, and many other relevant disciplines to find the best treatments to solve them. One of the essential treatments was using advanced smart technology to solve the environmental problems of buildings, such as providing thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. The concept of adaptive smart envelopes is one of this manifestation of advanced technology in the field of building design characterized by interaction and adaptation to the surrounding environment through the application of many technologies which it works to improve its environmental efficiency. The research aim was to simulate the changes in the building environment, which is treated by covering the building with an adaptive smart envelope by using the Rhinoceros Grasshopper programme.
Improving fatigue life is one of the most important issues in mechanical design; an investigation has been conducted on Al 2017-T4. Group of samples have been machined and prepared, some of specimens have been treated using the ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) with one line peening. The fatigue tests were carried out under constant and variable amplitude (R=-1) at ambient temperature, in order to find out the fatigue life S-N curve and strength after treatment. It has been found significant increasing in strength after it was treated by (UIT). The fatigue strength is improved after treatment up to 4.16% at 107 cycles, enhancement are present with 24% and 18.78% for the cumulative fatigue lives low-high and high–low respectively. These results also show a strong tendency of increasing of fatigue strength after application of (UIT) with increase in mechanical properties of material used.
The efficiency of the solar PV panel decreases significantly as the PV panel’s operating temperature increases. There are many cooling techniques might be suitably deal with this problem to enhance the solar panel efficiency. The presented cooling technique used for solving the PV panel’s temperature elevation is an active close loop cooling system, accomplished using two water glazing chambers made from acrylic glass placed at the PV panel surfaces (rear and front). These champers are utilized for cooling down the PV cell’s temperature, as well as filtering the useful sunlight spectrum. The results show that the PV cell’s temperature reduction by 50.06% with using the cooling system, this leads to an average increase in the maximum output power and consequently electrical efficiency of the PV panel by about 12.69% and 14.2%, respectively.
This study investigates the effect of Castor oil on the pollutants emissions in the continuous combustion chamber. The bio-blend fuels used are mixtures of Castor oil with two types of hydrocarbon fuels (gas oil and kerosene). The pollutants measured include carbon monoxide CO, unburned hydrocarbon UHC, soot and nitrogen oxide NOx . It is found that all pollutants have less emissions when using Castor oil blended in different percentages of 5% , 7%, and 10% . The lower emission with Castor oil blends due to the existence of oxygen O2 in the chemical structure of the Castor oil which is sufficient to seek the complete combustion. The test were conducted through the range of equivalence ratio between (0.85-1.7) . Results showed that Castor oil blends with gas oil brings a reduction of about 71.2% in CO, 22.1% in UHC, 37.8% in NOx and 29.6% in soot emissions from that of pure gas oil. But, blends with kerosene, showed a reduction of about 70.6% in CO, 20% in UHC, 35.8% in NOx and 29% in soot emissions compared with those of pure kerosene.
The present work deals with direct diffusion bonding welding without interlayer of austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304L with Oxygen Free High Conductivity pure copper (OFHC) in vacuum atmosphere (1.5 *10-5 mbr.). The optimum bonding conditions are temperature of 650 ?C, duration time of 45 min. and the applied stress of 30 MPa, in order to secure a tight contact between the mating surfaces. The corrosion behavior of diffusion bonding joints in 3.5% Nacl is studied to evaluate the corrosion resistance of welding joints by using Potentiodynamic method. The observed microstructure of corroded specimen of optimum diffusion bonding joint shows that the corrosion current density has low value as compared with base materials used. During polarization, galvanic coupling is observed between two materials used. At passivity region, inverse polarity is occurred at 450mV. Therefore, passive stainless steel 304 L behaves as cathode respective to pure copper, the corrosion behavior of the diffusion bonding joint was mostly by copper side. The corrosion results indicate the presence of galvanic effect. The corrosion current density of copper, stainless steel 304L and bond joints condition were (3.66 µA/cm2, 1.62 µA/cm2 and 1.85µA/cm2) respectively. A SEM examination of corroded diffusion bonding joint indicates that the galvanic corrosion happened on copper side. The corrosion rate of bonding joint conditions was 0.85 mpy, which is less than 1%. This means that corrosion resistance of bond joint is more than excellent.
With the development of manufacturing techniques, the demands have increased on tools with flexible components that can produce parts with different shapes and sizes only by replacing the rigid part of these tools, since the flexible part can match the required geometry. This study is focused on effects of rubber hardness and sheet thickness on the springback developed on the produced parts. Silicone rubber with three hardness (40,60 ,80) Shore A hardness scale was used. The material of workpiece was Aluminum (3003) with three different thicknesses of (0.8,1,1.2) mm and three holding time of (0,10,20) seconds. The results demonstrate that, the springback decreases with any increase in the rubber hardness or sheet thickness. In addition, the holding time showed a significant effect only with a harder rubber.
This paper presents a study of a nonholonomic differential drive wheeled mobile robot (WMR) of the type (BOE-Bot). In this paper, two aims are presented: the first is the study of the WMR movement on a specific trajectories to get the desired goals positions and the second is the evaluation of the kinematic performance factor of the WMR movement. The kinematic model of the robot movement in terms of the robot wheels velocity is studied by making the robot to move on the desired trajectories. The determination of the actual robot centre position in two dimensions (X) and (Y) is done by tracking the movement of a red point located above the robot by using a fixed camera attached to the ceiling. The position error between the theoretical and actual WMR position vectors is studied and calculated in global and local coordinates' frames. The values of the position error percentage ratios when the robot moved on a (S-shape) trajectory were higher than its values when the robot moved on a (straight-line) trajectory because of the existence of a gyroscopic torque resulted from the WMR circular movement around an axis perpendicular to the axis of the WMR wheels rotation. Finally, the kinematic performance factor of the WMR movement is evaluated depending on the position error in the global coordinate.
In this work, the design procedure of a hybrid robust controller for crane system is presented. The proposed hybrid controller combines the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) properties with the sliding mode control (SMC) to obtain an optimal and robust LQR/SMC controller. The crane system which is represented by pendulum and cart is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The crane system is considered one of the highly nonlinear and uncertain systems in addition to the under-actuating properties. The parameters of the proposed LQR/SMC are selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The results show that the proposed LQR/SMC controller can achieve a better performance if only SMC controller is used. The robustness of the proposed controller is examined by considering a variation in system parameters with applying an external disturbance input. Finally, the superiority of the proposed LQR/SMC controller over the SMC controller is shown in this work.
The investigation of the existence of a tempera-ture change with pressure inside the pneumatic cylinder chambers during the charging and dis-charging strokes in the pneumatic cylinder is ex-perimentally demonstrated. Three different varia-bles (pressure, piston displacement and tempera-ture) were measured in this work while operating with a servo pneumatic system and a discussion of the relationship between these variables was pre-sented. The cylinder used has a piston diameter of (0.05m), piston rod diameter (0.02m) and a stroke length of (0.2m). The results show a temperature rise of 23 K above atmospheric temperature at chamber (1) while air compressing and a tempera-ture drop of 17 K below atmospheric temperature at chamber (2) while air expansion and measures other temperature changes also.
Recently, considering polymer composite in manufacturing of mechanical parts can be caused a fatigue failure due to the very long time of exposure to cyclic loading and may at environmental temperatures higher than their glass transition temperature; therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive investigation for bending fatigue behavior at room and elevated temperatures equal to 60 °C, 70°C, and 80 °C will be done. Rotating bending test machine was manufactured for this purpose supplied with a connected furnace to perform fatigue tests at elevated temperatures. The obtained results appeared that the increase in applied stress and temperature caused a clear reduction in fatigue life; also the addition of carbon nanotubes enhanced the fatigue life at different temperatures by 183%, 205%, 218%, and 240%, respectively while the addition of short carbon fibers improved fatigue life by 324%, 351%, 387%, and 415%, respectively. As well as, Polyamide 6,6/carbon fiber composite appeared fatigue limit at temperatures equal to 20°C and 60°C and stresses approximately equal to 55 MPa and 38 MPa respectively.
Türkiye possesses abundant geothermal resources. It is ranked seventh globally for this particular energy resources and grade among the first 5 in utilizing geothermal and thermal springs for various purposes such as electricity generation, residential cooling and heating, greenhouse operations, desiccating processes, thermal recreation, therapeutic applications, mining, agricultural uses, and aquaculture. The government's endorsement from renewable power sources is fueling growing interest on this particular energy sector. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of geothermal energy in select locations of Türkiye, including an assessment of its potential and various applications. The study seeks to provide a valuable involvement to the future advancements of a geothermal technology on Türkiye.
This research is devoted to study the influence of different weight percent concerning to the additions of Ti and Cu on mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061. The composite materials consist of different weight percentage of Ti (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) wt% and constant weight percentage of Cu (0.2) wt% which were fabricated by liquid metallurgy route technique. Microstructural characterization and phases have been examined by using SEM (scanning electron microscopic).SEM examination showed uniform distribution of nano Ti and Cu in AA6061. The consequences of mechanical tests demonstrated clear enhancement in mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, young modulus, ductility% and hardness at additive percentage of 0.4% Ti+0.2%Cu nano particles incorporated into molten AA6061. Percentage of enhancement ultimate tensile strength is about 73.3%, yield strength about 82.7%, young modulus is about 21.2%, the Vickers hardness about 42.6% and the decreasing in ductility was about 25.2% compared with the metal matrix (AA6061). The wear rate test was performed by using pin on disc rig for both hybrid nano composite and base metal (AA6061) under various loads (10,15and 20) N with sliding speed (1.282) m/sec at a (10) min’s time. The results showed a decrease in wear rate at 0.4%Ti+0.2%Cu compared with the base metal (AA6061). Improvement percentage of wear rate is about 105% at 20 N load.
The corrosion behavior of martensite phase in Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy with aging at 150 at time 2,4and 6 hour and quenching ice water with salt, water at room temperature and oil media study by open circuit potential, tafal polarization and cyclic polarization. The microstructure of martensite study by optical microscope and x-ray diffraction(XRD) and transformation temperature was determined by Di?erential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).the result show aging martensite at 150 at 2 and 4 hour have high open circuit potential, low corrosion current density , high corrosion potential and pitting potential than martensite without aging.
DC servo motor is simple in construction and control and has many applications. However, the uncertainties due to its parameters changes such as load torque and friction are an evitable. Therefore, a robust controller has to be employed for keeping specified requirements irrespective to parameter variations. In the present work, two sliding mode controllers have been suggested to control the speed of DC motor under motor load changes; classical and integral sliding mode controllers. The integral slide mode control could show better tracking characteristics than its counterpart and also could compensate the change in system parameters.
The partial shading conditions have a significant effect on the performance of Photovoltaic system and the ability of delivering energy. In this study, the impact of different partial shading on the mono crystalline (88W) PV module performance was investigated in this study. Horizontal string, vertical string, and single cell shading at different percentage of shading area have been studied. It is found that the horizontal string shading is more severe on the efficiency of the PV panel. In contrast, the efficiency of PV panel with cellular and vertical cell shading was less during the tests. The experimental results showed that the power losses were 99.8%, 66% and 56.8 % for horizontal, cellular and vertical shading respectively via applied non transparent material as shading element by 100% of shading area at 500 W/m2. Moreover, transparent material used to shade whole module horizontally, different shading area and different radiation level applied to find electrical characteristics of the module under these conditions. The results show that at 800W/m2 of irradiation levels and no shading condition the power was 68.6W, by increase shading area by 20% in each step, the power reducing by 44.94, 47.58, 49.42, 50.57 and 52.4% in compared with their initial value at no shading condition.
The aim of this work is to determine the optimum parameters for deposition of chitosan and mixture of chitosan and hydroxyapatite (HA) layers using electrophoretic deposition. The layers were on 316L stainless steel substrate. Taguchi approach was utilized to select the optimum parameters for both layers. The parameters used for deposition chitosan are voltage, time and temperature while the parameters used for HA and chitosan are voltage, time, concentration and temperature. Zeta potential tests were employed to measure the solutions stability. Coating layers were characterized for thickness, porosity and nanoroughness using optical microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results from Taguchi design of experiments demonstrated that the best conditions for deposition of chitosan and HA layers are 50 V, 5 min, 3 g HA/L and 30°C. The corresponding thickness, % porosity, nanoroughness and microroughness for optimum conditions were 22 µm, 3.53, 4.48 nm and 3.85 µm respectively.
This research investigates the influence of single and hybrid mineral nanofillers on the morphological, thermal, and electrical properties of epoxy-based glass fiber composites. Nanocomposites were fabricated using hand lay-up technique, incorporating nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and nano-talc with particle size of 50 to 100 nm into an epoxy matrix with 5-ply E-glass/S-glass fiber. The study evaluates composites with 2-8 wt% of nano-CaCO₃, and hybrid systems containing nano-CaCO₃ (2-8 wt%) and nano-talc (1-4 wt%). Morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) assessed nanofiller dispersion, while thermal properties were analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for glass transition temperature (Tg). Electrical performance was evaluated through dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D149) and surface resistivity (ASTM D257). SEM analysis showed filler dispersion depended on concentration, with optimal distribution at 4-6 wt% before significant agglomeration at higher concentrations. DSC results revealed increased Tg with nanofillers, peaking for the composite with 6 wt% CaCO₃ and 3 wt% talc, indicating enhanced thermal stability. The dielectric breakdown voltage peaked at 17.6 kV for 2 wt% CaCO₃ and 1 wt% talc composite, while surface resistivity was highest for 4 wt% CaCO₃ and 2 wt% talc (73.74×1012Ω). All formulations maintained UL 94 V-1 flammability rating. The study concludes that the synergistic interaction between nano-CaCO₃ and nano-talc enables significant tailoring of thermal and electrical properties for advanced applications.
An important challenge confronted when using blanking to machine sheet metal is the treatment of the shearing force in demand for great strength and heavy stock. One of the methods used to decrease the force wanted is the increase of a punch shear angle. In this work, experiments were conducted to study the effect of shear angle for blank has a diameter (50 mm) on shear force of a low carbon steel sheet (AISI 1008). Low carbon steel is a very common material used in fabrication of sheet metal components, with thickness of (0.5 mm). Tools used in the blanking tests were one traditional flat end punch and four different bevel sheared rooftop punches, which rooftop punches were compared to. and it (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) a punches diameter (49.95 mm) by clearance (0.025mm) for each side , with a blanking speed (500mm/min). A special blanking die set is designed and manufactured and was a blank cut by a hydraulic press whose capacity (20 ton). The results showed that the blanking forces of (AISI 1008) low carbon steel metal could be decreased radically with best bevel punch geometry. Using (10°) shear angle at the punch end, the cutting forces decreased up to (90%) compared to the ones of the traditional flat end tool
This paper investigates the effect of cutter path used in the milling process on the produced surface roughness using two different tools. The cutting paths which are named as; one directional, zigzag , Morph, overlap spiral and spiral are considered as cutter path strategies. The cutter path strategies greatly influenc the surface finish of the work pieces. The objective of this study is to investigate the best cutting characteristics and effects of cutting path for aluminuim using end mill and ball mill tools. MASTER CAM software has been used in design and producing NC CODE. The results indicate that the raw tool path strategy and flat end mill tool gives minimum roughness value with (0.15µm), while the spiral tool path strategy and ball end mill tool gives minimum roughness value with (0.76µm).
Polymer composites reinforced with clay have garnered substantial academic and industrial interest owing to their environmental and mechanical benefits. This research focuses on the effectiveness of metakaolin-unsaturated polyester composites for sequestering Ni2+ ions from Ni(NO3)2 aqueous solutions and on their tribological performance. The composite materials were synthesized with varying metakaolin concentrations (1, 1.5, 3, and 5 wt.%) to evaluate the influence of clay content on nickel ion recovery and wear resistance. The experimental results show a direct correlation between the reinforcement percentage and the functional properties of the composites. The highest value (61.415%) of Ni+2 recovery efficiency was achieved at a metakaolin concentration of 5 wt.%, which is due to the increased density of active adsorption sites on the composite surface. Conversely, composites with lower metakaolin content exhibited diminished recovery rates due to a limited number of available sites for ion adsorption. Wear resistance results show the same trend, wherein the composite with 5 wt.% metakaolin exhibited maximum wear resistance, characterized by minimal material loss at the applied loads (5, 10, 15, and 20 N). Furthermore, Shore-D hardness measurements indicated a gradual enhancement in the material's hardness with increasing metakaolin content, which confirms the reinforcing role of the clay in enhancing the mechanical properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the formation of wear grooves aligned with the sliding direction during wear testing. In addition, agglomerates and surface deposits were formed that are correlated with the adsorption of metal ions onto the composite surface. These results prove that the incorporation of metakaolin as a reinforcing agent confers dual advantages: it significantly enhances the adsorptive capacity for Ni+2 ion recovery and improves the tribological and mechanical properties of the composite. This positions the material for use in environmental remediation, especially wastewater treatment, and in engineering applications requiring enhanced durability.
This research deals with the extent to which corrosion affects the behavior of buckling for 6061-T4 aluminum alloy under increasing compressive dynamic loads. Two types of columns, long, and intermediate were used.1% of the length column is the allowable lateral deflection. This is called the critical buckling of the columns. For the purpose of calculating the critical deflection, a digital dial gauge was used and set at a distance of 0.7 of column length from the fixed end condition for the column. The experimental analysis revealed that the corrosion time negatively affects the mechanical properties of materials such as the corroded specimens of 60 days (The least time to observe the corrosion of aluminum in the soil) which have approximately 2.7 % reduction in ultimate strength compared with the non-corroded specimen. Increasing the corrosion time reduces the critical load such as the maximum reduction will be 4.24% in critical buckling load for 60 days’ corrosion time. The results obtained were experimentally compared with the theoretical formulas of the Perry-Robertson and Euler-Johnson formula with the results of the ANSYS. It was found that the Perry-Robertson formula has a good agreement with the experimental results with a safety factor of 1.2, while the Euler-Johnson formula agreed with the experimental results taking a safety factor of 1.5. The ANSYS results showed a good agreement between the measured and calculated values by taking 1.1 factor of safety.
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This study was devoted in investigating the optimum geometric parameters for underactuated linkage three phalanges robotic finger. New kinematic and kinetic equations of grasping were derived in this research taking into account the angle for the ternary solid links of the four-bar linkages. To obtain the target of optimization, a gradient descent method was used which consists of three stages to find the optimal geometric parameters with high accuracy. Five criteria were selected to find the optimal solution by using multi objectives function algorithm, these are percentage of the grasping stability, the grasp forces, squeezing force, Mimic function for grasping task, and transmission angle for grasping operation. Gradient descent method starts by detecting the optimal geometric parameters for each criterion and choosing the best geometric parameters from the five criteria functions. At the optimum solution, the underactuated robotic finger prototype was built from hard Polylactic acid (PLA) plastic using rapid prototyping and was tested performance by grasping objects. Finally, the results have been shown that the robotic finger adapts to the wanted configurations.
An investigation of performance response of two types of bearings such as Cylindrical Roller Bearing and bush bearing on evaporative cooler driven by DC motor of 1500 r.p.m, through studying many parameters like vibration response, temperature raise, humidity, sound level and total performance. high quality 3D positions X, Y and Z, vibration sensors type (ADXL335 accelerometers) with Arduino mega 2560 that interfaced with Lab-View program were used to measure changes in vibration amplitude and frequency. Two temperature sensors of type (LM35) were used to investigate the temperature raise in the bearings also with Arduino mega 2560 that interfaced with Lab-View program. For humidity a sensor of type DHT22 was used, also, a portable device was used to measure electricity consumption, rotary speed and sound level in the bearings of evaporative cooler. By replacing bearings all the parameters above wear measured then a comparison between them were made to find the best performance and operation of these bearings. The obtained results from the experimental work have clarified and explained by tables and figures. It has been found that the vibration of evaporative cooler in X, Y and Z-directions increased by using two cylindrical roller bearings than using two of bush bearings. The temperature of cylindrical roller bearings increased When running the evaporative cooler more than bush bearings. the noise of Evaporative Cooler by using both types of Bearings was almost same but with a little Reduce by using cylindrical roller Bearings. Which means the Evaporative Cooler has better Performance by using bush bearings than using cylindrical roller bearings.
In this paper, an Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller (ASMC) is designed and applied for a magnetic levitation system (Maglev) where a steel ball is desired to be stabilized at a desired position with existence of uncertainty in system model. Additionally, a sliding mode differentiator (SMD) is used for estimating the ball velocity since it’s needed for the controller to work properly. The designed controller and differentiator are applied practically to an experimental laboratory size magnetic levitation system and the results were plotted to show the behavior of the system under the effect of the designed controller. The experimental results reveal clearly the effectiveness and ability of the suggested controller in forcing the steel ball to follow various desired position.
This paper presents a comparison of using different techniques for stir spot welding of Aluminum 2024-T3, which are refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), edited (RFSSW-pin) and conventional friction stir spot welding (FSSW), depending on the obtained tensile shear strength property. Specimens were prepared from AA2024-T3 sheet for chemical analysis and mechanical tests. Workpieces were stir spot welded utilizing the above mentioned techniques at four rotational speeds (2000, 2500, 3000 and 4000 rpm) using tool pin diameters (5 and 7 mm) for conducting the tensile shear tests. The microhardness along the cross section of the welded specimens was conducted at the best conditions as well as the microstructure examination. The comparison results revealed that at the rotational speeds (2000 and 4000 rpm) in both cases of tool pin (5 and 7 mm), the ultimate tensile shear force was slightly higher than that for other speeds. However, the ultimate tensile shear force was found higher at 3000 rpm speed with a tool pin 7 mm. The microhardness results manifested a W-shape at the best conditions. Finally, the microstructure examination depicted the morphology of the main zones of the weld joint.
In this vast world after an earthquake lessons are learned; many strategies have been considered in order to achieve a proper seismic strength capacity.The aim of this paper is studying the seismic behavior of a typical reinforced concrete bridge pier in Iraq and implementing a proper technique of strengthening in order to fix any damage that had happened.Structure of a full scale three-dimensional finite element model was used in order to simulate a reinforced concrete pier via the computer software ABAQUS/CAE 2017 using concrete plasticity damage model (CDP).Under the action of Halabja earthquake, which was recorded at city of Halabja in Iraq on 12 November 2017, the behavior of model was traced, analyzed and the resulted damages were managed.The finite element analysis results indicated that the proposed configuration of carbon fiber reinforced polymers laminates substantially increases the lateral load strength and deformation capacity of the bridge pier
In the present work, theoretical and experimental Study of vibration of a drum type of Horizontal Washing Machine. The effect of the Isolators stiffness, damping coefficient and the drum mass for specific laundry capacity also has been studied. The work in this research has been carried out analytically by using MATLAB, and Study experimentally the effect of different speed and unbalance force during the spinning cycle of the washing machine at four sides of it. This analysis aims to reducing the excited vibration. This was achieved theoretically by investigate the effect of various parameters in order to assign property values to increase the isolation efficiency to reach optimum design. The results is show that drum vibration amplitude reduced to 42 % at spinning speed 1000 rpm and 41% at 1200, 1400 rpm when the applied selected parameters.
Plastic pollution represents a significant global environmental challenge, with millions of tons of plastic waste accumulated annually in landfills and natural ecosystems. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified this issue due to the widespread use of single-use personal protective equipment. As a response to this problem, this study examines the use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate and single-use face masks as additives in porous asphalt mixtures to improve the mixtures’ properties and promote sustainability in pavement engineering. The research aimed to evaluate the combined effect of incorporating recycled polymers into a hybrid system, rather than separately modified mixtures of polyethylene terephthalate and single-use face mask fibers. Laboratory tests indicated that the hybrid mixture exhibited optimal performance, achieving a 34% increase in Marshall stability, a 19% decrease in flow, and a 20% reduction in air-void content. Additionally, permeability decreased by 36%, while remaining within the accepted limit, improving moisture susceptibility, and cantabro abrasion losses decreased by up to 11%, suggesting improvements in cohesion, structure, and durability. The findings demonstrate that hybrid polymer modification offers an environmentally sustainable and high-performance approach for future porous asphalt pavements.
The present work is a numerical study of thermal performance of modified flat plate solar water collectors. Numerical simulations have been done by solving the governing equations (Continuity, Momentum and Energy) equations in the laminar regime , three dimensions by using the FLUENT software version (14.5). The effect of flow on temperature distribution of flat plate water collectors by inserting (twist strip with twist ratio (3), helical spring surrounding the solid shaft) inside riser pipes is numerically simulated and compared with solar collector without inserting device inside its riser pipes at flow rates of (100)?/h . The numerical simulation results show that the flat plate water, solar collectors with the inserted, twist strip and helical spring that’s surround the solid shaft were higher enhancement of heat transfer than without inserted devices. The useful energy in case of twist strip is (10%) higher than the case of flat plate solar collector without enhancement device. Also, the case of helical spring is increased (6.8 %) than the twist strip, and (16.2%) than collector without enhancement device for the same mass flow rate.
Aluminum metal matrix composites are widely employed for improving the mechanical properties. Various fabrication routes like liquid state, solid state and liquid-solid state are currently available for producing these materials. The objective of the present work is the fabrication of nano particulate composites AA7075-Al2O3 with different amount of nano particles (20-30 nm) reinforced material Al2O3 (2, 4 and 6 wt%) using stir casting technique at three stirring speeds (300, 850 and 1500 rpm). Tensile tests of these composites were carried-out to obtain the mechanical properties (ultimate strength and ductility). Vickers hardness tests were also performed to obtain the hardness number (VHN) of these materials. All tests were performed at room temperature. The microstructures of the best mechanical properties’ composites were examined for the three stirring speeds. It was revealed that the ultimate strength (?u) and Vickers hardness (VHN) for the composite containing 6 wt% Al2O3 fabricated at 850 rpm show the best properties compared to the other composites fabricated at 300 and 1500 rpm and the matrix. The ?u and VHN were increased by about (36.6 %) and (24.5 %) respectively. Ductility of the strongest composite (6 wt% Al2O3 at 850 rpm speed), however, was the least when compared to other composites and the matrix. With increasing the amount of Al2O3, ?u and VHN, an increasing trend was noticed while the ductility shows a reduction trend. The maximum reduction in ductility occurred for the composite containing 6 wt% Al2O3 obtained at 850 rpm. The ductility of the developed composite was reduced by (23 %). The optical microstructures of unreinforced, as-cast Aluminum alloy AA7075 and 6 wt% Al2O3 composites for all stirring speeds show dendrite microstructure resulting from the casting process, but the composite at the stirring speed of 850 rpm shows a more refined microstructure.
The present work was designed on producing nanohydroxyapatite layers using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on 316L stainless steel substrate. The EPD coatings were prepared by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA)-chitosan nanocomposites on different substrate roughness (polish surface, 220 grit SiC grind, and sand blast surfaces). Depositions were performed using the suspensions of HA nano particles (3 g/L) in the mixture of alcohol and distilled water (ethanol, 5 vol. %water and containing 0.5 g/L of chitosan dissolved in 1 vol.% acetic acid. Coatings were achieved on the cathode at constant voltage, time and temperature (90 V, 5 min and 40 °C respectively); the pH value was performed and fitted at 4. After deposition, the coated samples were dried at room temperature for 24 h. The surface topography of coatings was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM was used to postulate both the surface and the cross section morphology of the coatings. The adhesion bonding between the deposited coatings and substrate were measured using tape tester to evaluate the adhesion bonding between the coating and substrate. The results showed the deposited coatings on sand blasted substrate has less porosity compared with the polish surface and 220 emery paper SiC grinding substrate respectively. The coating on the sand blasted substrate showed higher nanoroughness (122 nm), better adhesion bonding (removal area 15%) and higher thickness layer (12 µm) than that of the polish substrate and 220 emery paper SiC grinding substrate.
In this paper, the experimental thermal performance for a parabolic trough solar concentrator (PTSC) combined with helical tube receiver and directed by two axes solar tracking system at different amount of water flow rates has been analyzed. The experimental test results of thermal performance with regard to temperature rise of water, useful heat gain and collector thermal efficiency for the PTSC prototype at controlled water flow rates (2.3, 22.5 and 29.4 L/h) are collected. The results show that the increase of water mass flow rates causes decrease in the average water output temperature as (120.8, 63.82 and 46.08oC), respectively, the maximum outlet temperature becomes (160.5, 76, 47) oC, respectively, and thus, the average useful heat gain will be (1249.4, 732, 732.5W), respectively and the average thermal efficiency decreases as (73.021, 49.51 and 44.31 %), respectively. The experimental results show that decrease the water mass flow rate by 74.4%, causes an increase in the thermal efficiency of the PTSC by 64.7%.
This study investigated numerically and experimentally fluid flow and heat transfer in the desktop PC. Three patterns of the positions of air inlet and outlet were tested to find the best one for cooling. The computer components in the present study are CPU, finned heat sink, power supply, motherboard, CD, HDD and fans. Three components which were generate heat are CPU, motherboard and power supply and there were two openings for air inlet and two for air outlet. The air inlet velocities were 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 m/s with constant CPU fan velocity. The studied parameters were the changed of inlet air velocity, powers of CPU, motherboard and PSU and the positions of inlet air. The numerical results obtained are found in a good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental results show that the maximum temperature was 81 at 16.5 W and 1.2 m/s. Numerical results showed that the CPU temperature reaches 89.6 at 18.5 W and 1.2 m/s. From the results, it was found that; the temperatures of the main components (PSU and motherboard) affected little by CPU power and vice versa, the finned heat sink has higher cooling efficiency and the pattern 1 was the best pattern for CPU cooling.
In this work, the control of Translational Oscillations with a Rotational Actuator (TORA) system is presented in this paper. The optimal sliding mode controller is proposed to control the two DOF underactuated mechanical system. The nonlinear coupling from the rotational to the translational motion is the main problem that faces the controller design. The H2 sliding mode controller is designed to give a better performance if only sliding mode control is used. The results illustrate that the proposed H2 sliding mode controller can achieve the stabilization of the system with the variation in system parameters and disturbance.
A new robust control algorithm is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems represented by a Single Link Manipulator (SLM) system. This algorithm is based on new techniques and methods in order to obtain a controller for the SLM system. First of all, the system is simplified using Variable Transformation Technique (VTT) in order to fit the analysis procedure. Then, a new idea of designing a model reference for the multiple states (n=4) system is presented to correspond the control design. Next, the Lyapunov Stability Analysis (LSA) is used to figure out a proper controller that can compensate the stability and the performance of the SLM system. After that, the Most Valuable Player Algorithm (MVPA) is applied to find the optimal parameters of the proposed controller to accomplish the optimum performance improvement. Finally, it can be concluded that the proposed control algorithm has improved the stability and the performance of the SLM system. In addition, the simulation results show the remarkable effects of the proposed nonlinear controller on the SLM system.
Orthoses and prostheses were Chosen and laminated based on their high Yield, ultimate stresses, bending stresses, and fatigue limit. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to find the best values for two parameters reinforcement perlon fiber and percent of Titanium Nanoparticle coupled with the matrix resin during optimization. The response surface methodology combined the expertise of mathematicians and statisticians to construct and analyze experimental models. Using this method, we identified 13 different lamination samples comprising a wide range of perlon number and Ti nano Wt% in their Perlon layer composition. All lamination materials defined by RSM methods and produced by a vacuum system were subjected to a battery of tests, with fatigue tests performed on the ideal laminating material in contrast to laminations created in the first study (Tensile test, Bending test, and Fatigue tests according to the ASTM D638 and D790 respectively). In comparison to the other 12 laminations tested using Design Expert version 10.0.2, the lamination with ten perlon layers and 0.75 percent Ti nano proved to be the strongest overall in terms of Yield, ultimate, and bending loads. This study used composite materials and titanium nanoparticles to characterize and fabricate ankle foot orthoses. Strength in bending should amount to about 70 MPa, around 85 MPa in tensile tension. Two empirical quadratic equations for the models of peak bending strength and maximum tensile stress with 95% confidence were created using the response surface approach and analysis of variance within the design of experiments software.
This work covers mixing of unsaturated polyester (un- polyester) with starch powders as polymer blends and study the effects of irradiation by UV-acceleration on mechanical properties of its. The unsaturated polyester was mixing by starch powders at particle size less than (45 µm) at selected weight fraction of (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%). These properties involve ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation percentage, flexural modulus, flexural strength, fracture toughness, impact strength and hardness. The results illustrate decrease in the ultimate tensile strength at and elongation percentage, while increasing modulus of elasticity, with increasing the weight ratio of starch powder to 3 % weight fraction, whereas the maximum value of hardness and flexural, impact properties happened at 1 % weight fraction for types of polymer blends.
This research presents an experimental study of forced convection heat transfer for laminar steady flows in a duct filled with saturated porous media glass balls.The heater model consists of a circular cylinder , square cylinder and triangular cylinder .The experimental work was studied the effect of changing heater section on forced convection heat transfer with selected values of heat supply ( 2455W/m2 ).The experiments were carried out for Reynolds number ( 1094 ?
This paper proposes the design and simulation of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control using MATLAB/Simulink to control the position of the bucket of the backhoe excavator robot during digging operations. In order to reach accurate position responses with minimum overshoot and minimum steady state error, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to tune the gains of the position and force parts for the force-position controllers to obtain the best position responses. The joints are actuated by the electro-hydraulic actuators. The force-position control incorporating two-Mamdani type-Proportional-Derivative-Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers for position control and 3-Proportional-Derivative Controllers for force control. The nonlinearity and uncertainty in the model that inherit in the electro hydraulic actuator system are also studied. The nonlinearity includes oil leakage and frictions in the joints. The friction model is represented as a Modified LuGre friction model in actuators. The excavator robot joints are subjected to Coulomb, viscous and stribeck friction. The uncertainty is represented by the variation of bulk modulus. It can be shown from the results that the ACO obtain the best gains of the controllers which enhances the position responses within the range of (19, 23 %) compared with the controllers tuned manually.
Hybrid metal composite materials, combining diverse metal components, have emerged as promising alternatives in engineering applications, offering a unique synergy of mechanical properties. This review comprehensively examines the fatigue life of hybrid metal composites, delving into the intricate interplay of materials, manufacturing processes, and environmental factors. Drawing from a rich array of literature, the review explores the evolution of hybridization strategies, emphasizing their impact on fatigue resistance. Key factors influencing fatigue behavior, including material selection, manufacturing techniques, and environmental conditions, are systematically analyzed. The article highlights the significance of strategic hybridization in enhancing fatigue characteristics, reducing costs, and optimizing the overall performance of metal composites. The insights presented contribute to advancing the understanding of fatigue mechanisms in hybrid metal composite materials, offering valuable guidance for future research and engineering applications. Hybrid metal composite materials, characterized by the combination of diverse metal components, have garnered significant attention in engineering applications due to their potential to provide a unique synergy of mechanical properties. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate aspects of the fatigue life of hybrid metal composites, offering a thorough analysis of the interplay between materials, manufacturing processes, and environmental factors.
The Electrodeposition process has been used to prepare Nickel-Tungsten alloys on low carbon steel substrate by using ammonical citrate bath. The influence of deposition condition by variation of current density (0.04-0.2 A/cm2) and solution temperature (60-70 °C), on the microstructure was studied. The optical microscope and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the morphology of the deposit while the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to approximate the composition, in addition to X-Ray diffraction examination. The results show that the current efficiency has the major influence on the tungsten content in the alloys due to the formation of ternary complex which reflected into the properties of the deposit._x000D_ Keywords:
An experimental and theoretical study of free convection heat transfer for a cylinder placed in an iron test section of dimensions (0.2x0.2x0.2 m3), the test section filled with saturated porous material glass balls (5 mm), and the air is the working fluid with Raleigh number (7692.6 ? Ra ? 17654). The circular cylinder heater (D = 0.015 m, L = 0.2 m) is heated electrically, made of Copper and located in different positions (in X & Y direction). The theoretical part includes solving the free convection heat transfer using the ANSYS program (fluent). The experimental and theoretical results showed that the surface temperature values around the cylinder perimeter when changing its position within the test section are changing as moving up and down where the effect of buoyancy force appears. The maximum difference between the upper and lower position at the experimental result is 7.22%, and the average Nusselt number increases with Raleigh number and heat flux. Also, the experimental results showed that the use of porous material significantly improves the heat transfer by 48.6%. The maximum percentage change between the experimental and theoretical results is 5.46%. Moreover, experimental correlations were achieved, and a comparison was performed between the present results with the previous studies and it gives a good agreement.
The emission sources have great effects on our environment. Further using of fossil fuels because of our needs for heating purposes and developments leads to raising the emission concentration in the air which caused to health risks to human society and its environment. This paper deals with using a different percentage of Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas from 10% to 25% with different percentage of Iraqi Gas-oil fuel from 90% to 75%, keeping the thermal load constant in order to indicate the possibility of reducing the pollutant emissions . A dual fuel burner and equivalence ratio range from 0.8 to 1.4 is used to study the emission concentrations based on these equivalence ratio. For further reducing in emission and heat recovery from the exhaust gases the cooling effect also investigated for water mass flow-rate from 12 kg/s to 48 kg/s roughly. The results showed that for further increasing equivalence ratio the UHC, CO, and Soot increased by about 3% and NOx, and CO2 decreased by 2.5% and this due to decreasing the oxygen ratio in the mixture and incomplete combustion occurred. Also for increasing percentage participating of LPG fuel as a secondary fuel, UHC, CO, and Soot decreased by 8%and NOx and CO2 increased slightly. With heat recovery process the concentration of UHC, CO, and Soot increased slightly while NOx, CO2 decreased by 1.5% because of decreasing of combustion chamber temperature.
In this research, binary blends have been prepared from epoxy resin (EP) and different weight percentages of polysulfide rubber (PSR) (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5 and 10%), and then compression, impact, and hardness tests were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the addition of polysulfide rubber in the epoxy resin decreased the compressive strength, Young's modulus, and hardness, while increased the impact resistance. It was found that the weight percentage 5% of polysulfide was the best percentage, which gives the best mechanical properties for the blend matrix. The advantage of this blend matrix is that, it mediates between the brittle properties of epoxy and the flexible properties of a blend matrix with the highest percentage of PSR. Short fibers (Carbon & Glass) with different volume percentage (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), were used to reinforce the best blend matrix obtained separately and randomly, and then the same mechanical tests conducted on these composites. The experimental results showed that the addition of fibers increased the compressive strength, Young's modulus, impact resistance and hardness. It was also observed that the composites materials reinforced with carbon fibers have significantly higher mechanical properties values than the composites materials reinforced with glass fibers.
Diabetes is one of the most critical diseases in the world which requires measuring the concentration of glucose also the injection of insulin to control the glucose rate in the body. The proposed controller is applied to the Bergman’s three-state minimal patient model, where the model is considered certain but with unknown meal. In the present work, a nonlinear controller is designed to control the concentration of glucose based on the Backstepping approached with a sliding mode for observing the disturbance meal. So will have estimated the meal and have canceled the effect that the glucose concentration has regulating to the basal level._x000D_ The effectiveness of the proposed controller, which represent the insulin dose, is proved via simulating the Bergman’s model with designed controller via MATLAB Simulink software. The result clarify the ability and the robustness of the proposed controller.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of microfluidic device (MFD) manufacturing processes. The review starts with an introduction elucidating the significance and advantages of MFDs. Subsequently, a brief description of the materials employed in MFD fabrication is presented. The manufacturing process used to create MFDs is then thoroughly examined, with a focus on the application of laser technology.
The phenomenon of climate change resulting from the increase of global warming has become one of the main problems facing the world. Where researchers and specialists have worked for many years to find a solution that reduces this phenomenon and limits its risks. It is likely that clean energy is an alternative to fossil fuel sources, which are the main source of global warming. One of the clean energy sources is ocean wave energy, which is a huge and untapped energy source, despite the possibility of extracting large energy from waves. This paper focuses on the study of deep-sea turbines and their results. A study was conducted on the capture chamber. Where this paper presents an experimental model of a water tank with certain dimensions in the university laboratories to describe the dynamic behavior of the capture chamber. The Froude number scale was used to model the dimensions and depth of the water as well as the wave properties. Through experimental work and its results show, and it was found that the power generated by the motion of the wave strength is related to the height and frequency of the wave.
An experimental investigation has been performed to study the effect of combined artificially roughened (ribs) with and without single Large Eddy Break-Up Devices, on flow and heat transfer characteristic of fully developed turbulent flow in rectangular duct. The aspect ratio of rectangular duct is 10, hydraulic diameter 72.72 mm, relative roughness pitch (P/e) 10 and relative roughness height (e/Dh) 0.05. The rib was in the form of circular shape with diameter of (4mm) which was mounted on heated wall of duct at spanwise direction. The experiments have been conducted by varying airflow rate in terms of Reynolds number ranging from 3.2x104 to 6.2x104 and constant heat flux of 600W/m2. The heat transfer and friction factor of the flow for rib and combined method were compared with those of a smooth duct under similar experimental conditions. It has been found that the combined method (rib with single Large Eddy Break-Up Devices) has significant effect on the friction factor and heat transfer with decreasing in friction factor with percent(1.2) and increasing Nusselt number with (4.1). Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of (Reynolds number and Large Eddy Break-Up Devices) parameters are found which reasonably correlate the experimental data.
Medical image segmentation plays a crucial role in the realm of medical imaging. The process involves the division of an image to obtain a comprehensive view and ensure precise diagnostics. There are various methods that are employed, ranging from traditional approaches to the more advanced deep learning techniques. Both play a significant role in enhancing healthcare. With the continuous advancement in technology, there is a growing need for accurate segmentation. While traditional methods such as thresholding and region growing are effective, they may require human intervention for complex cases. Deep learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have significantly improved the process by learning intricate details and accurately segmenting the image. When these methods are combined, healthcare professionals can achieve high-quality, precise results. Furthermore, with the advancements in hardware and technology, real-time segmentation is now possible. Generally, the process of dividing medical images into segments is extremely important for the progress of healthcare with the help of artificial intelligence and the most recent advancements in the industry, such as explainable AI and multimodal learning. However, this meticulously detailed and in-depth review provides an all-encompassing and extensive analysis of the current methods utilized, their multitude of applications across various fields, and the promising emerging advancements that have the potential to pave the way for remarkable future improvements and innovations.
Open graded asphalt mixture is becoming more widespread where it is applied for various purposes, e.g. drainage of rainwater effectivity, traffic safety (high skid resistance), and controlling pollution noise. However, it has many other disadvantages, of which low stability, high stripping, and moisture sensitivity. The research aims to study the effect of styrene butadiene styrene SBS addition on the volumetric and mechanical properties of open graded mixture. In this research one type of aggregate with gradation (12.5 mm NMAS), asphalt of penetration grade (40/50), and cement as filler were used. Optimum asphalt content was selected based on the criteria of air voids content, asphalt drain down, permeability, and abrasion resistance (for aged and un-aged) samples. Other properties of open-graded mixtures, such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and flow were evaluated. The results show that addition of polymer (SBS) leads to an enhancement in the properties of the modified mixtures. There is an improvement in Marshall parameters. Also, a slight decreasing is noticed for permeability and air voids. For Cantabro abrasion loss (aging and un-aging condition), the abrasion resistance is increased, the drain down of asphalt is decreased from original mixture by addition of SBS. Finally, the moisture sensitivity is improved indicating that modified mixes becomes more resistant to water damage.
The aim of the research was for evaluation the morphological and chemical alterations that result from the Nd:YAG laser treatment of dental enamels using optical microscopy (OM) with Energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Two human enamel samples were obtained, the samples were exposed to the Nd: YAG laser irradiation. The micrographs obtained by optical microscopy demonstrated morphological changes. The concentrations of carbon (C), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and oxygen (O) in crater sites and its environs were measured using EDX, as well as trace amounts of manganese, magnesium, and silicon. However, due to their low concentration, these trace elements were neglected. We obtained the maximum depth profile of carters on tooth enamel surface at 1200 µm with laser pulse of 532 nm with 500 mJ energy/pulse, while the minimum depth profile of carters at 200 µm with laser pulse of 1064 nm with 100 mJ energy/pulse. Dental tissue can be safely treated with a Nd: YAG laser with 200 mJ, 9 ns, and 1064 nm since this laser irradiation range did not induce any noticeable morphological changes. As a result, the Nd: YAG laser offers as an ideal option for clinical treatment.
The most important way for joining the non-welding aluminum alloy is Friction stir spot welding. Three parameters effect on efficiency of welding: tool shape, rotational speed, and plunged time, are chosen to study for welding 6061T6 aluminum alloy. Each of the above parameters has three variables as: pin shapes (square, cylinder, and hexagonal), plunged time (50, 70,100) sec and rotational speeds (710, 1120, 1800) rpm hybrid approach which is consist of the experiment run, neural network and social spider optimization is used to optimize the welding conditions by finding the maximum ultimate force. The best condition of the weldments is (square, 710rpm, 100sec) with maximum shear force 4740N. The best results obtained from hybrid optimization with experimental results; with discrepancy of 2%.
The daily peak load forecasting for the next day is the basic operation of generation scheduling. The approach of using ANN methodology alone is limited which has generated interest to explore hybrid system. In this paper a search of genetic programming to a short term load forecasting is presented. A genetic architecture with the fitness normalization has been used to find as optimum data peak load of Baghdad city. The optimize data applied to the ANN to be trained and tested to estimate the daily peak load of Baghdad city. Different cases for load forecasting are considered with the aid of MATLAB 7 package to get the estimation of the next day. So an improvement method of genetic optimization is proposed to get a better solution for the load estimation rather than artificial neural network.
In this paper, the robustness properties of sliding mode control (SMC) which is designed to produce a dynamic output feedback controller to achieve robustness for trajectory tracking of the nonlinear human swing leg system is presented. The human swing leg represents the support of human leg or the humanoid robot leg which is usually modeled as a double pendulum. The thigh and shank of a human leg will respect the pendulum links, hip and knee will connect the upper body to thigh and then shank respectively. The total moments required to move the muscles of thigh and shank are denoted by two external (servomotors) torques applied at the hip and knee joints. The mathematical model of the system is developed. The results show that the proposed controller can robustly stabilize the system and achieve a desirable time response specification.
In this research, we successfully obtained Ni/SiC micro-composite coatings with various contents of SiC particles of particle size(10 ?m), by using electrodeposition method from nickel watts bath in which the SiC particles suspend. The effects of the current density, temperature, and particle loading(PL) of SiC particles in the electrolyte on the morphology, texture, and vol% of SiC in deposit were investigated. The morphological and structural analysis show uniform distribution of SiC particles within the composite coatings. It was found that the depositing conditions affect the microstructure of deposited nickel and the SiC vol% in deposit. Furthermore, the vol% of SiC increases in deposit by increasing the particle loading(PL) in the bath, while decreased by increasing the current density. Also the higher values of SiC vol% were obtained at temperature (50°C).
Mathematical and numerical study of finned tube air cooled condenser for air conditioning unit with two ton refrigeration capacity using R22 as a base fluid and R407C an alternative fluid was investigated. Different parameters were considered in this work, such as condensing pressure, ambient temperature and refrigerant mass flow. A comparison of performance between two condensers when using R22 and R407C were performed. A redesign the condenser operates with the R407C to operate with the same system that operates with R22. The result showed the same behavior for the two refrigerants, the condensers are possible to work with R407C for the same geometry and some modifications in the structure of heat exchange with the same air velocity. The proposed model was validated with the outputs from the test data given in literature papers, derived from air cooled condensers with different dimensions. The results exhibited an agreement with the experimental results with a percentage of compatibility ± 10%.
Poly(vinyl chloride) photodecomposition films that contains melamine Schiff base (0.5% by weight) as photostabilizers upon preservation with an ultraviolet light (UV) was investigated. The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in existence of melamine Schiff base compared to PVC (blank). The Schiff base 1 was found to most effective additive in PVC photostabilization films. Photodecomposition rate content for PVC films containing Schiff base 1 was found to be 5 × 10-3 sec-1 compared to 8.7 × 10-3 sec-1 for blank film. Ultraviolet radiation aging behaviors of PVC films were studied through leaching test by measuring the degree of migration. The surface morphology of PVC films was inspected by scanning electron microscope.
In the field of engineering, 3D printers are indispensable due to their high precision. This study focuses on the construction and optimization of a 3D printer using aluminum T-slotted bars for the frame, Raspberry Pi 4 for control, and Lightburn software for image printing and machine control. After assembling the main components and programming with Marlin firmware, the machine was tested for vibration and noise reduction. The research compared the vibration of a diode laser and spindle during printing, revealing significantly lower vibration with the laser compared to the spindle. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the constructed 3D printer in reducing vibration and noise during operation.
Platinum, copper, and nickel were founded the best metals used in resistance temperature detectors RTDs. They commonly used in laboratory and industrial applications because they provide accurate and reliable measurements in a wide temperature range from (- 200 to 850 °C). They have high conductivity, sensitivity, and hardness to resist strain shock, pressure, and vibration. The accuracy level of them depends on reliability, stability, repeatability, linearity, and response to time. This study aims to determine and compare the accuracy of these three metals in regarding to their features which include stability, repeatability, and response time. The study has gathered and analyzed the data of these suitable and precise metals and compared with each other. The results showed that platinum is widely needed for RTDs due to its precision, stability, higher accuracy, and linearity output, while copper and nickel are not stable or repeatable as platinum. It was indicated that temperature coefficient of resistance TCR for nickel is bigger and for copper is medium, but for platinum is lower.
The field of mechanics concerned with studying the propagation of cracks in materials is Fracture Mechanics. Technology systems are meant to withstand the loads to which they are likely to be exposed when in use. Material imperfections arising at the time of production or use of the material are, however, unavoidable and must therefore be taken into account. A stress intensity factor is a fracture parameter that defines the part failure. This paper study’s the effect of cracks on the stresses of rectangular plates having a hole in the center. The plate was subjected to tensile pressure at the top side while maintaining the bottom side fixed. The plate had four cracks distributed around the centered hole at 45o at each side. The effect of the length of the cracks on the resulted stresses and strains was investigated. Also, the effect of the position of the crack on the resulted stresses and strains was studied. Finite element models for the different plate cases were built using ANSYS software. The results showed that increasing the crack length resulted to increase the stresses and strains. The dimension of the plate width, height and thickness were 150 mm, 300 mm and 1 mm respectively, and the crack position was investigated for different crack lengths (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mm) however the results were not steady as it looks that the crack lengths have changed the stress distribution over the plate.
This paper presents the design of robust four parameters (two degree of freedom) PI-PD controller based on Kharitonov theorem for antilock braking system. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is used to tune the parameters of the proposed controller based on Kharitonov theorem to achieve the robustness over a wide range of system parameters change. The proposed cost function combines the time response specifications represented by the model reference and the frequency response specifications represented by gain margin and phase margin and the control signal specifications. The model reference control is used because of the antilock braking system is originally nonlinear and has different operating points. The robust stability is guaranteed by applying the Kharitonov theorem. Three types of road conditions (dry asphalt, gravel and icy) are used to test the proposed controller.
Incremental forming is a flexible sheet metal forming process which performed by utilizes simple tools to locally deform a sheet of metal along a predefined tool path without using of dies. One limitations of single point incremental forming (SPIF) process is the error occur between the CAD design and the product profile. This work presents the single point incremental forming process for produced pyramid geometry and studied the effect of tool geometry, tool diameter, wall angle, and spindle speed on the dimensional accuracy. Three geometries of forming tools were used in experimental work: ball end tool, hemispherical tool, and flat with round corner tool. The sheet material used was pure Aluminum (Al 1050) with thickness of (0.9 mm). The experimental tests in this work were done on the computer numerical control (CNC) vertical milling machine. The products dimensions were measured by utilized the dimensional sensor measuring instrument. The extracted results from the single point incremental forming process indicated the best acceptance between the CAD profile and product profile was found with the ball end tool and diameter of (10 mm), wall angle (50°) and the rotational speed of the tool was (800 rpm).
In this paper, the design of a robust controller for two wheeled inverted pendulum (TWIP) system is presented. In the first stage of the design, a full state feedback H2 control is designed for stabilizing the inclination of (TWIP) system to upright position. The H? controller for the stabilized system is synthesized in the second stage. The mathematical model of the system based on the Newtonian approach is developed. The results verify that the proposed controller can compensate the system parameter uncertainty with a more desirable time response specifications.
In Republic of Iraq, ready-mix concrete production plants have been adversely affected by the lack of modern and advanced technology to assess their performance in line with technological advancements. Current evaluation methods rely on traditional approaches and financial measures, yielding unrealistic performance results. To address this problem, there is a need to utilize modern models and methods for performance evaluation. The study's main objective This was achieved by employing a literature survey methodology and utilizing digital databases such as the Iraqi Scientific Journals website, virtual libraries, and scientific platforms like ScienceDirect, Springer, Google Scholar, and Gate Research between 2015 and 2023. The research study provided a comprehensive overview of performance evaluation, including its definitions, importance, and an introduction to modern models and evaluation methods. The study found that no previous studies have been conducted in Iraq to evaluate ready-mix concrete production plants. However, four studies were found in Egypt, Sudan, and India. The previous similar relevant studies discussed various topics and related studies. Firstly, they discussed the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of concrete mixing plants. Additionally, the previous studies analyzed the factors that most influence the performance of concrete production plants, including laboratory manager efficiency, work team efficiency, communication and relationships within work teams, plant operator, material transportation method, and time and courses. Furthermore, the previous research studies present a comprehensive analysis of all variable data simultaneously using the statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) input stage. The evaluation also extends to the evaluation of laboratories, encompassing plant arrangement, internal quality control systems, and final product quality. The overall evaluation results of previous studies. Indicate that 75% of the concrete production plants failed to meet the required criteria, while only 25% demonstrated satisfactory performance. The study proposed improvements to enhance the performance rate of ready-mix concrete production plants by leveraging the most influential variables, which will be considered in the study.
The present work demonstrates the optimization process of Micro- hole of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) by Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The workpiece material was copper alloy. The current, gap distance and pulse on time were the control parameters of EDM. The process has been successfully modeled using ANFIS model constructs a fuzzy inference system in MATLAB 7.2 Software Gaussian type for optimization of micro diameter, were adopted during the training and testing process of ANFIS model in order to compare the prediction accuracy of micro diameter by one membership function. Finally, the comparison of ANFIS results with experimental data indicates that adoption of Gaussian membership function in proposed system achieved satisfactory accuracy. Prediction using ANFIS model compared with experimental values of micro holes at correspond ratio 98.37%.
The sun is an inexhaustible source of clean energy. For a long time, humans perceived the sun as a source of heat and light, without thinking of using it fully for their purposes. The worldwide solar photovoltaic (PV) market has been growing rapidly, with significant investments leading to increased capacity. Mathematical models are used to calculate solar radiation, taking into account various meteorological factors to predict solar energy generation. The construction of P-V curves helps understand the output of PV systems, crucial for optimizing energy conversion efficiency. The photovoltaic effect allows solar cells to convert light into electrical energy, highlighting the importance of understanding the relationship between current and voltage in solar panels. In this work, the mathematical model of PV is presented and the equations that describe the relation between PV and environment are presented. Finally, a complete model is designed in Matlab and the results are presented.
A rapidly expanding global population has heightened the need for engineering technologies aimed to enhancing the mechanical properties of weak soil, raising concerns about the sustainability of engineering practices that depend on energy-intensive materials and methods from earlier times. Traditional ground improvement techniques like compaction, preloading, vibration, and chemical grouting are typically costly and frequently have very high energy and CO2 footprints. Soil stabilization employing bio-enzymes has been viewed as a resilient and ecologically beneficial method for modifying the soil characteristics. Calcite-induced precipitation methods have recently become potential techniques in geotechnical engineering for improving the shear strength of soils. One of the most promising methods among them is enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP). Enzyme induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is a bio-inspired technique based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate for enhancing the geo-mechanical properties of soils. In this technique, calcium carbonate acts as a cementitious agent that binds the soil particles together at the points of contact hence, increasing the strength and stiffness of treated soils, while relatively reducing the soil permeability and porosity. The achieved enhancements make EICP useful for applications such as ground improvement, construction materials, and erosion control over traditional binders. It is an environmental friendly technique that has generated great interest to geotechnical engineers. EICP particularly, has proven to be more effective since its application to all soils coarse and fine which have small pore size. This review thoroughly assesses the use of the EICP approach as a soil stabilization strategy conducted by various researchers. This review article studies urease and its implication on the characteristics of treated soil such as shear strength, permeability and micro-structural changes.
In this paper, the H-infinity Sliding Mode Control (HSMC) is designed to produce a new dynamic output feedback controller for trajectory tracking of the nonlinear human swing leg system. The human swing leg system represents the support of human leg or the humanoid robot leg which is usually modeled as a double pendulum. The thigh and shank of a human leg is represented by two pendulum links and the hip joint will connect the upper body to the thigh and the knee joint will connect the thigh to the shank. The external torques (servo motors) are applied at the hip and knee joints to move the muscles of thigh and shank. The results show that the HSMC can robustly stabilize the system and achieve a desirable time response specification better than if only H-infinity or SMC is used. This controller achieves the following specifications: sec, for hip joint and sec, for knee joint.
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that osseointegrated implantation offers superior proprioception and control over the prosthesis, enabling more natural movement and improved functional results. Additionally, it lowers the chance of falling and increases energy transfer efficiency, making it simpler for amputees to engage in physical activity. Furthermore, as compared to conventional socket prosthesis attachment, osseointegrated implantation has been linked to higher patient satisfaction and quality of life._x000D_ It is crucial to remember that osseointegration is a surgical operation with risks including infection and implant failure. Additionally, for effective implantation, it needs a specific amount and quality of bone, which may restrict its usage in some individuals. Furthermore, osseointegrated implantation could be more expensive than conventional socket prosthetics._x000D_ Understanding the efficacy and safety of this method requires research on complication rates and outcome metrics in patients having osseointegrated prosthesis implantation. You may acquire information on things like infection rates, implant failure, patient satisfaction, and functional results by studying original research papers. Clinical decision-making can then be improved with the use of this information._x000D_ In transfemoral amputees, osseointegration has showed promise as a powerful substitute for socket prostheses. A growing corpus of research has shown that osseointegrated implantation provides advantages in terms of increasing mobility, decreasing discomfort, and improving general quality of life. The efficiency of osseointegration for transtibial and upper extremity implants has received little attention._x000D_ Minor soft tissue infections are the most frequent consequences, although they are manageable with the right treatment and monitoring. To further reduce the risk of problems and improve the overall success of osseointegrated implantation, research and development are ongoingly focused on enhancing surgical methods and implant design._x000D_ Although osseointegration has a lot of potential, not all amputees may be good candidates for it. Considerations for osseointegrated implantation must take into consideration elements including the degree and nature of the amputation, the quality and density of the bone, and the desires of the patient.
Cascade single mode-No Core - single mode fiber structure (SNS) optical filters have garnered a lot of interest as dependable optical devices. These devices' simplicity, compactness, affordability, all-fiber design, low transmission loss, and ability to continuously adjust the laser wavelength at a particular spectral range contribute to their dependability. The operation's foundation is multimode interference (MMI) and self-image phenomena. SNS filter based on optimized 4th self-imaging condition for different NCF- Specifications was theoretically optimized a tunable filter based on a cascade single mode-no core-single mode (SNS) fiber structure encircled by Ferrofluid was experimentally investigated. The findings indicate that reducing the NCF diameter can enhance the filter's tunability. device has applications in fiber laser technology, spectroscopy, and optical communication.
The research includes studying the mechanical properties of BNTN/PAM nanocomposites under static and dynamic conditions. The BNTN/PAM nanocomposites were prepared with different weight fractions (0, 20%, 40%, 50% and 60%) by utilizing ball milling technique. Tensile strength, Charpy impact and Shore A hardness were performed to verify any improvements in these mechanical properties of nanocomposites. The results showed significant improvements in tensile, Charpy impact, Shore A hardness properties of nanocomposites at 50% weight fraction by approximately 335%, 1422%, 63% respectively. These results started decreasing after addition of 60% of nanoclays content to PAM composites. This mechanism indicates that the percentage of weight content of BNTN could affect the mechanical properties of nanocomposites.
In this study, the analytic model (Azmi Model) had been considered for computation the load capacities of the composite open web steel joists and compared them with those obtained from experimental tests. The capacities of seven joists had been studied, each including one of the following variables (distribution of headed studs, connection degree of the connectors, inclination of the web, shape of the web, density of slab concrete, length of connectors).Theoretically, according to the Analytic model, the referenced joist of (45° web inclination , uniformly distributed ,over connected ,short headed studs) exhibited maximum load capacity of (18.45) ton, while the joist of (45° web inclination, uniformly distributed, under connected, short headed studs) exhibited minimum load capacity of (16.23) ton at yield point of bottom chord. Experimentally, the referenced joist exhibited maximum load capacity of (15.51) ton, while the joist of (34° web inclination, uniformly distributed, over connected, short headed studs) exhibited (12.49) ton load capacity. The load capacities values of the tested joists ranged between (67%-85%) of the predicted values according to the analytic model.
The indemnification of uncertainty and disturbance which is added to non-linear systems by an Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC) design. the key target of this paper is designing a sturdy controller to observe the performance of a 2-link robot. The nonlinearity in mechanical systems is a shared issue that the researchers are facing in formulating control systems for it. The best solution to this problem is a design Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for controlling a nonlinear system. In the current paper, 2-link robot is studied which suffering from disturbances and parameter uncertainty and coulomb friction as additional to friction inertia of the system for each link. firstly, Classical Sliding Mode Controller (CSMC) is designed and then Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC). As known, CSMC includes two phases: reaching phase and sliding phase. SMC is suffering from the known phenomenon as "chattering" which is supposed as a critical case and unsuitable characteristic. chattering is described as a curvy movement span the switching surface. In the current study, the chattering is attenuated by employing a saturation function alternative of a sign function. Although SMC can be considered as a good way of controlling nonlinear systems. Where it continues to suffer from the long settling time as undesired features. ISMC is a good method can be employed for reducing the settling time and controlling a nonlinear system. ISMC is easy, robust execution and supposes as an active and strong technique. The most significant advantage in ISMC designing, the reaching phase is canceled that considered a major part of designing classical SMC. The 2 link Robot system was used for proving the performance of CSMC and ISMC algorithms. The outcomes received from the simulations utilizing the ISMC and CSMC which fulfilled asymptotic stability for the system. In comparative between CSMC and ISMC. ISMC is better than CSMC in the good performance of tracking the desired position with less time. Finally, MATLAB2019a software package has relied upon this work.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a commonly used 3D printing technique that involves heating, extruding, and depositing thermoplastic polymer filaments. The quality of FDM components is greatly influenced by the chosen processing settings. In this study, the Taguchi technique and artificial neural network were employed to predict the ultimate tensile strength of FDM components and establish a mathematical model. The mechanical properties of ABS were analyzed by varying parameters such as layer thickness, printing speed, direction angle, number of parameters, and nozzle temperature at five different levels. FDM 3D printers were used to fabricate samples for testing, following the ASTM-D638 standards, using the Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design method to set the process parameters. The results indicated that the printing process factors had a significant impact on tensile strength, with test values ranging from 31 to 38 MPa. The neural network achieved a maximum error of 5.518% when predicting tensile strength values, while the analytical model exhibited an error of 19.376%.
In the past few years, all over the world, crime against children has been on the rise, and parents always worry about their children whenever they are outside. For this reason, tracking and monitoring children have become a considerable necessity. This paper presents an outdoor IoT tracking system which consists of a child module and a parent module. The child module monitors the child location in real time and sends the information to a database in the cloud which forwards it to the parent module (represented as a mobile application). This information is shown in the application as a location on Google maps. The mobile application is designed for this purpose in addition to a number of extra functions. A Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless is used with a GSM/GPS module on shield to provide mobile communication, internet and to determine location. Implementation results for the suggested system are provided which shows that when the child leaves a pre-set safe area, a warring message pops up on the parent’s mobile and a path from the current parent location to the child location is shown on a map.
In this study the friction stir lap welding was carried out by a new technique (diffusion bonding phenomenon) between (AA1100 and low carbon steel C10 sheets of 3mm and 1mm thickness respectively. These alloys have difference ranges in melting temperature and other physical properties. Different parameters were used: tool rotation speeds (630, 1250) rpm, travel speeds (80, 32) mm/min. and pin length (2.8,3) mm using cylindrical threaded pin. Many tests and inspections were performed such as tensile shear test and X-Ray diffraction tests. Microhardness and microstructure observations were conducted by using optical and SEM. The above tests were used to evaluate the weld quality and joint efficiency under different welding parameters. Best result for FSLW by diffusion phenomenon appear in (low carbon steelC10 / AA1100-H112) joint at 1250rpm in 32 mm/min. with 2.8mm pin length and the maximum tensile shear strength was (3.9)KN.It was found that the highest micro hardness was (138HV) at the interface between the low carbon steel and AA1100.
In this paper, a hiding encrypted message using pseudo random number generator and sequential encoding is proposed. This algorithm can provide better security of hiding information in image. The main emphasis in mine results will be on visual image quality and also the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) value which is a measure of quality of embedding. The results of statistical analyses like average difference, PSNR and MSE indicate high security and suitability of the proposed scheme. The obtained result shows the peak signal to noise ratio is 79dB. The programming language MATLAB is used for implementing the proposed algorithm.
Researches are now being conducted on redesign as well as micro ergonomic interventions. Most micro-surgical tool designs concentrate on the manipulation of targeted tissue instead of the surgeon's hand, and this presents a new research opportunity for better fitting the equipment to the surgeon's hand. So the objective is to examine the advancements made in the last few years and provide a framework for ergonomic intervention framework regarding manufacturing systems. With the use of words like ergonomic design, intervention, and evaluation," the titles and abstracts of ergonomics publications were filtered to find relevant research. The paper describes the way that the concept of micro-ergonomics can enhance the design of the micro-instruments. Finally, an application of a new surgical instrument is stated as a pen needle holder designed by SOLIDWORK 22 which creating a wide range of possible uses for futuristic technology. In future, neurosurgical equipment design will incorporate concepts from surgical tool design together with penization, microergonomics, and electronics.
This work suggests a Deep Learning (DL) architecture based on You Only Look Once YOLOv11 for Skin Cancer (SC) detection. The similarity between malignant and benign lesions makes visual inspection a failure to distinguish between them. To solve this problem, the proposed approach uses a 3-step pre-processing stage, namely hair removal, color normalization, and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) contrasts, has been conducted to eliminate artifacts and improve image quality. Balanced data augmentation on the training set of the PROVe-AI dataset. In this process, YOLOv11 with C3k2 module and C2PSA module showed significant results in optimized multi-scale feature collection and spatial interest. The experimental outcome demonstrates that the proposed model has a classification accuracy of 93.09% and led the baseline models, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The proposed optimized YOLOv11 architecture allows for skin cancer detection in a computationally efficient framework with promising preliminary results so that the proposed approach can be a beneficial Artificial intelligence (AI) tool for early diagnosis, particularly in a lack of high-tech medical facilities.
The objective of this paper is to develop an efficient P-wave detection algorithm based on the morphology characteristics of arrhythmias using time domain analysis.ECG from normal subjects, and patients with atrial fibrillation were studied. After baseline wander cancellation, power line interference filtration, the step of QRS detection using the pan- Tompkins algorithm is utilized to calculate R peak which represent the reference point to detect P peak.The algorithm was tested with experiments using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database which included Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation PAF prediction challenge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT-BIH normal sinus rhythm, long term Atrial Fibrillation AF and MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation where every P-wave was extracted.The results reveal that the algorithm is accurate and efficient to detect and classify arrhythmias resulted from atrial fibrillation.
Natural convection air heat transfer and fluid movement currents around a hot circular cylinder inside an inclined triangular enclosure has been analyzed experimentally. Three different sizes of an enclosure with a long side of 20, 25, and 30 cm, the thickness of 1 mm, and depth of 50 cm were used in the present work to give three radius ratios. The effect of Rayleigh number, radius ratio, the rotation angle of triangle enclosure, and the inclination angle of the apparatus with horizontal axis ? on the heat transfer process was investigated. The ranges of these parameters were: Rayleigh number from 5×106 to 2.5×108, radius ratio (0.345, 0.455, and 0.618), rotation angle (0o, 45o, and 90o), and inclination angle (0o, 45o and 90o). The results show that the heat transfer rates increase with increase in Rayleigh number and as the rotation angle of enclosure is changed from 0o to 90o. Moreover, the heat transfer rate increases linearly with Rayleigh number at higher radius at rotation angle 0o, 90o only. While, it increases slightly with Rayleigh number at rotation angle 45o. Additionally, the higher heat transfer rates occur at vertical position of enclosure inclination angle 90o and rotation angle 0o (the base of triangle at the bottom) and it decreases as inclination angle deviates from 90o to 0o. This behavior is reverse completely at higher radius ratio 0.618. Empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number has been found to depend on Rayleigh number., radius ratio, rotation angle and inclination angle.