Using High-Density Polyethylene and Novolac Polymers to Improve the Properties of Gypseous Soil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.27030287Keywords:
Gypseous Soil, HDPE Polymer, Novolac Polymer, Geotechnical Properties, CBRAbstract
This study explores the impact of adding high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and Novolac polymers to gypseous soil from Tikrit City, Iraq, to enhance its geotechnical properties. The soil contained 38% gypsum, and the polymers were added in varying proportions (1%, 3%, 6%). Both polymers improved maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and reduced collapse potential (Ic). The collapse potential was reduced by 64%, 77.7%, and 83.2% at 1%, 3%, and 6% HDPE content, respectively. The collapse potential was reduced by 82.3%, 74.8%, and 51.9% at 1%, 3%, and 6% Novolac polymer content, respectively. In the dry conditions, the internal friction angle increased by about 22.9% and 5.7% as the HDPE content was increased by 3% and 6% respectively. Adding Novolac polymer also increased the internal friction angle by about 5.7% by the addition of 3% Novolac polymer. In soaked conditions, the best increase in internal friction angle (?) was 30% with the addition of 3% HDPE polymer. the internal friction angle increased by about 26.7% by adding 1% and 3% of Novolac polymer. The study concludes that adding HDPE and Novolac polymers can improve geotechnical properties, but their effect on CBR is complex and depends on the polymer percentage added and soil moisture state.
Downloads
References
B. A. Ahmed, M. T. Al-Hadidi, and D. W. Mohammed, "Improvement of the Gypseous soil properties by using Copolymer and Styrene-butadiene rubber," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 737, no. 1, p. 012084, IOP Publishing, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012084.
A. Al-Yasir and A. Al-Taie, "Geotechnical Review for gypseous soils: properties and stabilization," Journal Kejuruteraan (Journal of Engineering), vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 785-799, 2022.
Q. S. M. Shafiqu, “Effect of adding polyacrylamide polymer with lime and cement kiln dust on the properties of expansive clayey soils,” GEOMATE Journal, vol. 15, no. 51, pp. 233-239, 2018. doi: 10.21660/2018.51.19491
Q. S. M. Shafiqu and S. H. Hasan, ‘Improvement of expansive soil using polymethacrylate polymer,’ in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 454, no. 1, pp. 012138, December 2018, IOP Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012138.
D. W. Mohammed, B. A. Ahmed, and M. T. AL-Hadidi, ‘Improving gypseous soil properties by using non-traditional additives,’ Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 207-213, 2019, Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 737, no. 1, p. 012084, IOP Publishing. doi: 10.30772/qjes.v12i4.637.
D. W. Mohammed, B. A. Ahmed, and M. T. AL-Hadidi, "Improvement of Gypsum Soil Properties by using Novolac polymer," University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 49-55, 2020. doi: 10.31663/tqujes.11.1.377(2020).
D. Al-Jeznawi, T. N. Jasim, and Q. S. M. Shafiqu, "Evaluating the use of polypropylene polymer in enhancing the properties of swelling clayey soil," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 856, no. 1, p. 012015, IOP Publishing, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/856/1/012015.
M. T. Al, "Durability of Gypsum Soil Treated by Using Polyurethane Polymer," Solid State Technology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 5245-5255, 2020.
A. F. Theyab, F. M. Muhauwiss, and W. M. Alabdraba, ‘Effects of xanthan gum biopolymers on gypseous soil characteristics,’ Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 22-28, 2020. doi: 10.25130/tjes.27.2.03.
A. F. Theyab, F. M. Muhauwiss, and W. M. Alabdraba, ‘Enhancing gypseous soil behavior using casein from milk wastes,’ Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 306-313, 2022.
A. H. Hussein, F. M. Muhauwiss, and R. A. Abdul-Jabbar, "Collapsibility of Gypseous Soil Treated with Pectin-Biopolymer through Leaching," Journal of Engineering, vol. 2023, 2023.
S. H. Hasan, ‘Clayey soil improvement using polymer materials,’ Master’s thesis, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, 2017.
N. A.- Huda Jasim, Q. S. Shafiqu, and M. A. Ibrahim, “The Effect of Adding High-Density Polyethylene Polymer on the Engineering Characteristics for Sandy Soil”, Journal of Engineering, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 29–37, Sep. 2021.
A. Gardziella, L. A. Pilato, and A. Knop, ‘Guidelines for future developments in phenolic resins and related technologies,’ in Phenolic Resins, pp. 24-82, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2000.
ASTM International, ‘Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lb/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)),’ D698-12R21, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2021.
ASTM D5333-03, ‘Standard test method for measurement of collapse potential of soils,’ in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04.08, pp. P19428-P1959, Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International, 2003.
J. E. Jennings and K. Knight, ‘A guide to construction on or with materials exhibiting additional settlement due to collapse of grain structure,’ Proceedings of the 6th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Durban, South Africa, pp. 99-105, 1975.
ASTM International, ‘Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions,’ ASTM D3080 / D3080M-11, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2011.
J. P. Bardet, ‘ASTM D 1883-87. Standard test methods for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test,’ Experimental Soil Mechanics, 1987.
ASTM D854-02, ‘Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer,’ American Society for Testing and Materials, 2002.
K. H. Head, Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Vol. 1, Soil Classification and Compaction Tests, 3rd edition, Whittles Publishing, UK, 2006.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ‘Standard test method for particle size analysis of soils,’ ASTM D422 International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA, 2002.
ASTM International, ‘D2487 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System),’ West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2017.
ASTM International, ‘Standard test method for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils,’ ASTM D4318-17, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2017.
A. A. Al-Mufty and I. H. Nashat, "Gypsum content determination in gypseous soils and rocks," in Proc. 3rd Int. Jordanian Conf. Mining, vol. 2, pp. 485-492, 2000.
British Standards Institution, ‘BS 1377:3: Method of test for soils for civil engineering purposes, Chemical and electrochemical tests,’ London: British Standards Institution, 1990.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Earth Sciences and Research Laboratory (US), Earth Manual, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1990.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Maher M. Khazaal, Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their manuscript by submitting the work to this journal, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC 4.0), which permits use for any non-commercial purpose, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite
