Vol. 29 No. 3 (2026) Cover Image
Vol. 29 No. 3 (2026)

Published: September 20, 2026

Pages: 466-472

Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Multilayer Graphene via Electrochemical Exfoliation in NaCl Solution

Aseel Hamza 1
1 Department of Fuel and Energy Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, Iraq.
History
  • Received: July 20, 2025
  • Revised: December 7, 2025
  • Accepted: January 3, 2026
  • Available Online: September 20, 2026
DOI

https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.29030466

Abstract

Graphene is two Dimension-carbon based nanomaterial, and unique properties of the graphene made it interest to researchers. The objective of this work was to address the need for low-cost, efficient graphene preparation; the electrochemical exfoliation process and photosynthesis of the exfoliated solution were used. In this study, the exfoliated graphite mixture. The exfoliated graphite (Gr2, Gr3, Gr4) (0.08, 0.1, 0.2 M NaCl, respectively) was dried by sunlight and investigated; the results confirmed of multilayer graphene by Raman, UV–Vis, FESEM/EDS, grain size 4–9 µm) . Behavior of UV analysis related with number of single and multilayer of graphene depends on conjugative effect that arises from nanometer-scale sp2 clusters, and chromophore units as well as functional groups, also oxygen clusters may be removed and disappear the shoulder. FTIR peaks confirmed peeling off graphene layers. One of the most important reactions is the incorporation of Cl atoms into unsaturated sites.  Grain size increased with increasing voltage, while it decreased in (0.2 M) NaCl.  FESEM showed a smooth, crimped surface. EDS analysis showed a C/O ratio of (7.6, 4.6, 1.26), with Cl and Na observed in rinsed Gr3. D, G, and 2D peaks were displayed by Raman spectroscopy. In this study, it was concluded that NaCl-assisted exfoliation is a simple and low-cost route.

Keywords

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