Fabrication Long Period Fiber Bragg Grating Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber Using CO2 Laser
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.28040595Keywords:
Long Period Fiber Bragg Grating, Point by Point Technique, Photonic Crystal Fibers, CO₂ LaserAbstract
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are generally divided into two categories: solid-core photonic crystal fibers and hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. In this paper, a long-period fiber Bragg grating (LPFBG) was experimentally fabricated in a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) using a CO₂ laser and based on the point-by-point technique. Proper LPFBGs were inscribed using laser powers of 0.9 W and 1.4 W, with grating parameters (grating period, length of each pitch, and depth of each pitch) equal to (136 µm, 48.042 µm, 16 µm) and (142 µm, 74.027 µm, 22.09 µm), respectively, for two samples. The Bragg wavelengths and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were (1529.274 nm, 1.34 nm) and (1529.629 nm, 5.11 nm), respectively, for the two samples fabricated using CO₂ laser powers of 0.9 W and 1.4 W. From these results, it was recognized that the optimal LPFBG-HC-PCF was the one fabricated using 0.9 W laser power. The unique structure of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, which enables light propagation within the air core and provides a large internal surface area, has attracted significant research interest for various sensing و communication applications, Environmental and Biological Monitoring, and medical applications.
Downloads
References
K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 647-649, 1978; and "Overview," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263-1276, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.618320
A. Othonos and K. Kalli, Fiber Bragg Gratings: Fundamentals and Applications in Telecommunications and Sensing. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.883086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.883086
R. Kashyap, Fiber Bragg Gratings. Academic Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372579-0.00007-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372579-0.00007-7
J. K. Sahota, N. Gupta, and D. Dhawan, "Fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring of physical parameters: A comprehensive review," Opt. Eng., Jun. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.59.6.060901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.59.6.060901
J. Qu, H. Zahng, and T. Liu, "High sensitivity temperature sensing of long-period fiber grating for the ocean," Fiber Optics Sensor Technology and Its Applications, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104768
Z. Zhou, Y. Xu, C. Qiao, L. Liu, and Y. Ji, "A novel low-cost gas sensor for CO2 detection using polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating," Sens. Actuators B Chem., vol. 332, p. 129482, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129482
M. Nespereira, J. M. P. Coelho, M. Abreu, and J. M. Rebordão, "Ultrashort long-period fiber grating sensors inscribed on a single mode fiber using CO2 laser radiation," J. Sensors, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4196431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4196431
J. Shen, Q. Ji, Y. Zhang, X. Ruan, Z. Cai, and Z. Li, "Theoretical design of band pass filter utilizing long period fiber grating having cladding refractive index perturbation," Autom. Control Comput. Sci., 2018. https://doi.org/10.3103/S014641161806010X DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S014641161806010X
B. Malo, F. Bilodeau, J. Albert, S. Thériault, R. Vallée, and D. C. Johnson, "Point-by-point fabrication of Bragg gratings in photosensitive fiber using an ultraviolet phase mask," Electron. Lett., 1993.
A. M. Vengsarkar and J. R. Pedrazzani, "Long-period fiber-grating-based gain equalizers," Opt. Lett., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 336-338, Mar. 1996. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.21.000336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.21.000336
S. P. Kok, Y. I. Go, X. Wang, and M. L. D. Wong, "Advances in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing: A review of conventional and new approaches and novel sensing materials in harsh and emerging industrial sensing," IEEE Sens. J., no. 19, pp. 29485-29505, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3434351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3434351
S. J. Mihailov, "Fiber Bragg grating sensors for harsh environments," Sensors, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120201898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s120201898
Y. Wang, "Review of long period fiber gratings, written by CO2 laser," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 108, no. 8, pp. 081101-1-081101-18, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3493111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3493111
J. F. Rojas, S. Valencia, J. A. Montoya-Cardona, J. L. Galvis, and N. D. Gomez-Cardona, "Long-period fiber grating sensors fabrication at high frequency carbon dioxide laser pulses," J. Phys., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1547/1/012005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1547/1/012005
Y. J. Rao, T. Zhu, Z. L. Ran, Y. P. Wang, J. Jiang, and A. Z. Hu, "Novel long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses and applications in optical fiber communication," Opt. Commun., vol. 229, no. 1-6, pp. 209-221, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2003.10.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2003.10.048
D. D. Davis, T. K. Gaylord, E. N. Glytsis, S. G. Kosinski, S. C. Mettler, and A. M. Vengsarkar, "Long-period fibre grating fabrication with focused CO2 laser pulses," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 302-303, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19980239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19980239
D. D. Davis, T. K. Gaylord, E. N. Glytsis, and S. C. Mettler, "CO2 laser-induced long-period fibre gratings: Spectral characteristics, cladding modes and polarisation independence," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 1416-1417, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19980978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19980978
Y. J. Rao, Y. P. Wang, Z. L. Ran, and T. Zhu, "Novel fiber-optic sensors based on long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1320-1327, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2003.810561 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2003.810561
T. B. Iredale, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, "Electric-arc-induced long-period gratings in fluid-filled photonic bandgap fibre," Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 739-740, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20061365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20061365
Y. Wang, W. Jin, J. Ju, H. Xuan, H. L. Ho, L. Xiao, et al., "Long period gratings in air-core photonic bandgap fibers," Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2784-2790, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.002784
Y. Wang, L. Xiao, D. N. Wang, and W. Jin, "In-fiber polarizer based on a long-period fiber grating written on photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Lett., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1035-1037, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.001035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.001035
Y. Wang, W. Jin, J. Ju, H. Xuan, H. L. Ho, L. Xiao, et al., "Long period gratings in air-core photonic bandgap fibers," Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2784-2790, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.002784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.002784
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nidaa L. Mahgoob, Anwaar A. Al-Dergazly
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their manuscript by submitting the work to this journal, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC 4.0), which permits use for any non-commercial purpose, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite
