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Go to Editorial ManagerAccurately identifying the kind and amount of dissolved metal salts in wastewater used in oil refining processes is an iconic feature of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy. This method relies on the dissolved metal salts' ability to absorb light at certain wavelengths after reacting with it. The experiments were conducted in a lab setting with a broadband source (200-800 nm) to measure the absorbance of dissolved element salts and precisely identify the lowest concentration up to 2 ppm. A mixture of the mineral salts from oil refining operations was prepared and diluted to different concentrations using a standard solution. This allowed us to study and compare this result with the absorbance behavior of the wastewater from the Al-Dora Refinery. The two results reinforced that we can accurately estimate the detection parameters for the lowest water contamination. These materials are lead nitrate (PbNO3), phenol, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium chloride (NaCl2), sulfide (SO4), and nitrate (NO3). At wavelengths of 340, 404, and 741 nm, the concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100) ppm were found, and for the concentration of 10ppm, the absorbance (0.15323, 0.15326, and 0.14685) was found, respectively. The process that has been tested with varying concentrations is considered and simulates the variation in river water concentrations caused by the river's water level and flow rate changes by the effect of rain abundance and thawing. It is fast, accurate data analysis, and a lower cost compared with the other chemical analysis and conventional methods.
The consequence of mixing pure ethanol with gasoline on the pollution and performance of SI engine are investigated experimentally in the existent study. The SI engine that employed in the experiment is a single cylinder four stroke. Analysis is carried out for engine operation parameter, CO2, CO and unburned HC productions. The measurements are recorded for several engine speeds from 1500 – 3000 rpm with load and ethanol addition of (0E, 10E, 20E, 30E, 40E, 50E,). The results displayed increasing in brake power, and brake thermal efficiency while the brake specific fuel consumption decreases when the ethanol- gasoline blends fuel increases. Also it was found that CO, HC, and CO2 concentrations decrease when the ethanol- gasoline increases. The best results obtained in the study is for the blend of E-50.
Contemporary urban discourse is paying increasing attention to the issue of urban resilience, due to the stresses, disasters and disturbances (natural and human) that the cities of the world are experiencing and facing, which confirms the need to be familiar with the concept of urban resilience, its dimensions, practices, and characteristics at different levels; In order to reach the aspects of developing the urban energy sector in them, and in a way that supports the preparedness of cities to face potential expected and unexpected disturbances in the future, as cities are usually formed from many main and sub-systems that are dynamically intertwined with each other, such as: the social and economic system, infrastructure systems, land use, and media Various transports, which have a high level of direct interactions with the natural environment; ; It is therefore necessary to understand how the city deals with the odds of threats and challenges in an integrated manner; To overcome its weaknesses and enhance its resilience of use, which aims to make cities more secure, resilient and sustainable in the future, as well as that requires rethinking the field of expanding the use of renewable energies and the general urban landscape. To become a search problem “Failure to exploit the potential of natural energies on the possibility of exploiting renewable natural energies with their components (active and passive) in the production of resilience urban formations in cities.” The aim of the research is to try to "extract an integrated theoretical framework on the characteristics of urban energy resilience from international and Arab experiences, and to diagnose its most important planning and design pillars and indicators, which can be adopted to evaluate the reality of urban energy resilience in local cities." The research hypothesized that “the exploitation of energy systems produced from renewable natural resources, for the purposes of environmental treatments for resilient cities, especially in the buildings of housing projects and their urban surroundings, reduces the consumption of fossil energies for the city, frees its sites from linking to depleted energy transmission networks, and reduces potential environmental pollution problems, which contributes to in the production of flexible energy systems and helps in the generation of flexible cities." The descriptive analysis method was adopted.
The aim of this laboratory study is to estimate the best initial pH of purging solution for cadmium clean-up from an artificially contaminated soil using electro-kinetic cell. An efficiency enhancement scheme was employed involving pH control and injection wells as a part of the investigative program. Seven tests were performed at different pH controlled in the anode, cathode and injection wells start from 2 to 8. Sandy loam soil was contaminated with cadmium concentration equal to 2000 mg/kg and an initial moisture content equal to 30%. The duration of remediation was seven days with a potential gradient of 1.2 V/cm. The experimental results showed that the best removal efficiency was 62.8% at pH=3._x000D_ Keywords: , , , ,
Open graded asphalt mixture is becoming more widespread where it is applied for various purposes, e.g. drainage of rainwater effectivity, traffic safety (high skid resistance), and controlling pollution noise. However, it has many other disadvantages, of which low stability, high stripping, and moisture sensitivity. The research aims to study the effect of styrene butadiene styrene SBS addition on the volumetric and mechanical properties of open graded mixture. In this research one type of aggregate with gradation (12.5 mm NMAS), asphalt of penetration grade (40/50), and cement as filler were used. Optimum asphalt content was selected based on the criteria of air voids content, asphalt drain down, permeability, and abrasion resistance (for aged and un-aged) samples. Other properties of open-graded mixtures, such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and flow were evaluated. The results show that addition of polymer (SBS) leads to an enhancement in the properties of the modified mixtures. There is an improvement in Marshall parameters. Also, a slight decreasing is noticed for permeability and air voids. For Cantabro abrasion loss (aging and un-aging condition), the abrasion resistance is increased, the drain down of asphalt is decreased from original mixture by addition of SBS. Finally, the moisture sensitivity is improved indicating that modified mixes becomes more resistant to water damage.
This study investigates the effect of Castor oil on the pollutants emissions in the continuous combustion chamber. The bio-blend fuels used are mixtures of Castor oil with two types of hydrocarbon fuels (gas oil and kerosene). The pollutants measured include carbon monoxide CO, unburned hydrocarbon UHC, soot and nitrogen oxide NOx . It is found that all pollutants have less emissions when using Castor oil blended in different percentages of 5% , 7%, and 10% . The lower emission with Castor oil blends due to the existence of oxygen O2 in the chemical structure of the Castor oil which is sufficient to seek the complete combustion. The test were conducted through the range of equivalence ratio between (0.85-1.7) . Results showed that Castor oil blends with gas oil brings a reduction of about 71.2% in CO, 22.1% in UHC, 37.8% in NOx and 29.6% in soot emissions from that of pure gas oil. But, blends with kerosene, showed a reduction of about 70.6% in CO, 20% in UHC, 35.8% in NOx and 29% in soot emissions compared with those of pure kerosene.
Road transport undeniably constitutes the predominant mechanism for facilitating the transportation of both goods and individuals on a global scale, serving as an essential backbone for economic and social interactions across diverse regions and cultures. The noticeable decrease in the flow of vehicles, which can be attributed to a plethora of internal and external factors, with a particular emphasis on the phenomenon of congestion, has profound implications that significantly influence fuel consumption rates, contribute to pollution associated with emissions, adversely affect the health and well-being of bystanders, and culminate in a considerable loss of time for individuals navigating these congested environments. In light of their elevated population densities coupled with their classification as emerging economies, South Asian countries find themselves necessitated to implement automated systems for the critical processes of predicting, identifying, and effectively addressing the challenges posed by road traffic congestion in order to enhance urban mobility and overall transport efficiency. This thorough research carefully explores the various techniques that have been utilized to recognize traffic congestion, presenting an extensive assessment of their individual strengths and weaknesses, thus offering insightful observations about the existing situation in this field of study. The examination of the diverse approaches and advanced technologies that have been utilized for the operation of lane-less roadways have been conducted, revealing substantial potential for further innovations that could greatly assist future researchers in their endeavors to enhance traffic management and improve roadway safety and efficiency.
Most of the soils suffered from significant geotechnical problems dependent on factors like the type of soil, soil composition and mineralogy. Specifically, the problems related to mechanical and physical properties of soils. Several studies have been used to mitigate the adverse effects of soils through using either additive conventional materials such as cement, lime or these soils blending with produced material and chemical materials. This paper focuses on stabilizing or improving different soils using sustainable materials. These materials provided environmental and economic benefits while mitigating a health hazard, storage problems, and a potential pollution source. They can be classified according to these sources into four groups: industrial waste (by-products), agriculture waste, domestic waste and mineral waste. According to the results of this review, compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength have been studied and discussed in this paper.
Planning standards in most countries especially in Iraq have become old and inadequate and do not fulfill the growing needs of people in the meanwhile. Also, it does not provide solutions for the society problems since it does not came from deep and modern study of the society needs and problems. In Iraq, there is a clear neglect of the urban spaces in residential buildings. As the challenges of 21st century, climate change, pollution and health crises requires infrastructure which is capable of keeping up with people needs and capable of providing healthy life, wellbeing and economic recovery. The study explores the efficiency of urban spaces in one of the Iraqi new residential complexes which is Alamal residential complex to determine the factors that affect urban spaces in vertical residential buildings in Iraq. The evaluation of the spaces was done by using direct observation method and questionnaire method. Results revealed that the spaces in such residential complex were active and efficient but it needs more spaces to be available since vertical residential buildings have high density of people. Also, there was a good care of urban spaces that fulfill the needs of children to play and also spaces which are friendly to old people. Most participants in the questionnaire have declared that the public urban space (space 3) was the most used, most favored space since it has many activities and facilities which support social activities between people living in the residential complex.
The present investigation looked at whether the Bailey approach to aggregate gradation could be used to construct Superpave HMA blends. It also looked at how this approach influenced the rutting performance associated with these mixes and compared it to mixes of asphalt created by Superpave gradations. The current research included four aggregate gradations: both fine and coarse gradations for the Superpave and Bailey gradation procedures. The repeated loading test was utilized to assess the rutting performance. The findings indicated that temperature, stress level, and aggregate gradation all had a significant impact on rutting performance. In contrast to the other three gradations, the third mixture gradation exhibited the least amount of non-reversible deformation. It translates to pavement that is more resistant to rutting and less susceptible to it.