Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026) Cover Image
Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026)

Published: June 20, 2026

Pages: 337-352

Articles

Plant Extracts Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles: A Review of Innovations for Dentistry

Noor Kazem 1 Rana I. Mahmood 1 Alaa Al-Taie 1
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Nahrain University
History
  • Received: May 8, 2025
  • Revised: June 1, 2025
  • Accepted: July 29, 2025
  • Available Online: June 20, 2026
DOI

https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.29020337

Abstract

Lately, nanotechnology has made significant advancements in various scientific and medical fields, including dentistry, by developing nanoparticles with distinct chemical and physical properties. Green synthesis is considered an eco-friendly alternative and a safe and sustainable method compared to conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods, which often contain toxic and environmentally harmful materials. This method is also cost-effective, biocompatible, and consumes less energy, thereby reducing pollution and environmental hazards, and making it suitable for various biomedical applications. Many nanoparticles have been employed in dentistry to enhance preventive treatments, including dental implants, orthodontics, the treatment of tooth decay bacteria, and endodontics. Despite their numerous benefits in the dental field, nanoparticles can exhibit toxicity risks, long-term impacts, and limited stability that require further investigation before their use in clinical applications. This review analyzes and classifies over 70 studies from the past 10 years based on plant extract source, nanoparticle types, and dental applications. We offer a new classification framework that organizes nanoparticles synthesized using green methods according to their manufacturing process and functional applications in dentistry. Comparative analysis reveals that, for instance, zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles synthesized through a green process exhibit the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity. This review highlights current research gaps in biostability and toxicity, and provides insights into potential clinical applications and future research directions. It focuses on the role and benefits of the green method in improving the properties of nanoparticles, as well as its impact and effectiveness in developing dental materials and mitigating biological risks, opening up broad and new horizons in advanced dental treatments.

Keywords

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