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Go to Editorial ManagerConcrete is considered the most important and widely used building material in the world of construction and building due to its durability, high efficiency in shaping, and relatively reasonable cost. The main component of concrete is cement, and one of the most important problems related to cement is the environmental problems associated with cement manufacturing, as the cement manufacturing process releases a large amount of carbon dioxide. Despite the essential role of concrete in construction, we cannot ignore its environmental impact. Some claim that exploring alternative materials or innovative building techniques would reduce the carbon footprint and enhance sustainability in the industry. Partial cement replacement with pozzolanic materials like zeolite is a key technique to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Zeolite, which reduces permeability, is a typical concrete ingredient that strengthens and lasts. Recently, natural zeolite has become a prominent concrete pozzolanic component. For environmental preservation and sustainable development, various experiments were done on concrete with pozzolanic components partially substituting cement and compared to ordinary concrete. A partial replacement of cement with zeolite improves the properties of concrete up to a certain age and mixing ratio. More than 44 relevant articles from 2004–2024 were selected from 762 papers evaluated for this paper. This paper reviews natural zeolite research in real applications. Additionally, it provided a cutting-edge review of natural zeolite literature through a critical analysis of various previous investigations. It also helped to understand how zeolite influences concrete mixture workability, strength, and durability. Since zeolite is a major concrete ingredient, it should be promoted as a sustainable resource.
Searching for an optimal alternative to normal cement concrete (NCC) is an urgent need nowadays in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, reduce energy, and reduce waste materials. Therefore, this research aims to examine zero cement concrete (ZCC) slabs under monotonic loads with several paramedic studies including slab thickness (60mm, 80mm, 100 mm), bar spacing (75mm, 150mm, and 225mm), and molarity concentration (6M, 8M, and 10M). The results showed the behavior of reinforced ZCC slabs is similar to or slightly lower than that of normal cement concrete. Increasing slab thickness from 60 mm to 80 mm and 100 mm enhanced the slab stiffness, increased the applied loads, and reduced the vertical mid-span deflection. Decreasing bar spacing by 33.33% and 66.67% relative to 225 mm reduced also the deflection. The energy absorption was increased due to increasing the slab thickness and bar spacing. When the load increased, the slabs eventually failed by a typically visible punching cone (punching shear).
The mixing technique was applied in this study to enhance the strength performance of the cement. The addition of 3% by weight of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were mixed with 97% polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic polymer, which has a nano size to serve as the matrix material. The surface roughness and continuous porosity of the bone cement were found to be slightly increased by the incorporation of nanoparticles, which enhanced bone-implant osseointegration and ingrowth. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that the addition of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles resulted in a surface roughness value (Sa) of 16.25 nm, which is similar to that of natural bone. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping results discover precentor material and uniform distribution. The Sample exhibited promising results in the antibacterial test, showing efficacy against bacteria both with and without sterilization, confirming its antibacterial properties. The mechanical tests conducted on the sample, including tensile, compression, bending and Vickers hardness tests, yielded favorable results and indicated that the sample is suitable for its intended application. In the theoretical works the design of the bone, screw, and bone plate was conducted using SolidWorks, followed by an analysis using ANSYS under both axial and bending load conditions. The theoretical analysis revealed that the safety factor was less than 1 when an axial load of 13 N was applied and a bending load of 2 N was applied, indicating that the structure may not be able to withstand these loads safely. Under both ambient and physiologically relevant conditions in the human body, HA and PMMA have demonstrated to be excellent choices for enhancing the clinical performance of bone cement. This, in turn, can lead to increased longevity of implants, decreased patient risk, and lower healthcare costs
Utilization of additives can be an effective way to improve the durability and performance of HMA, making them more resistant to Moisture and deformation. Plus, they can reduce the need for maintenance and repairs, saving you time and money in the long run. In this study, CKD was used in place of limestone as a filler in the asphalt mixture in proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and polymer SBS 4%by weight of asphalt. According to the findings, replacement-content CKD had the highest asphalt content. When the CKD is between 25% and 50%, Stability, Flow, and Indirect Tensile Strength are improved, while the density of the asphalt mixture decreases and the amount of air voids increases at higher ratios. While SBS leads to an increase in the hardness of the adhesives. As a consequence, the stability of the SBS-containing mixes resulted in higher values than the control and additive-containing mixtures (CKD), as well as a decrease in the number of air voids. According to the results, CKD should not constitute more than half of the filler weight in the asphalt mixture.
This research studies the physical and mechanical properties of mortar composed of PVC plastic waste particles used as fine aggregate replacement material. PVC particles in quantities of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by volume were used for sand fraction substitution. This quantity of PVC was used to formulate seven mixes with a cement content of 525 kg/m3 and a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45. At 7 and 28 days, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the mortar's mechanical characteristics were evaluated. Additionally, the physical characteristics of density and absorption were investigated. The findings demonstrated that the mechanical properties and density of mortar containing PVC powder were minimized.
In this work, waste glass powder from broken windows and plastic fibers from waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles are utilized to produce an economical self-compact concrete. Fresh properties (slump flow diameter, slump Flow T50, V. Funnel, L–Box), mechanical properties (Compressive strength and Flexural strength) and impact resistance of self-compact concrete are investigated. 15% waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement with five percentages of polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste were adopted: 0% (reference), 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25% and 1.5% by volume. It seems that the flow ability of self-compact concrete decreases with the increasing of the amount of plastic fibers. The compressive strength was increased slightly with plastic fiber content up to (0.75%), about 4.6% For more than (0.75%) plastic fiber. The compressive strength began to decrease about 15.2%. The results showed an improvement in flexural strength and an impact on the resistance in all tested specimens’ content of the plastic fibers, especially at (1.5%) fibers.
Structural elements. This means the structural behavior can be quantified by considering the behavior of each structural element in each load path. Concrete is a material known for its great strength. Regardless, there are a few weaknesses, which must be taken in consideration in the design of concrete structural elements. Basically, concrete is made of three main ingredients: Portland cement, water, and aggregates (sand and stone).In order to improve tensile strength and ductility (capacity to stretch and deform prior to failure) in concrete, so this paper discus some types of concrete and record the effect on beams. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an actual concrete mixture, it is a special type of concrete because mix concrete (coarse and fine aggregate ) replaced by fine sand size (150-400)µm. In the experimental comparison the mechanical properties( compressive , splitting tensile and flexural )strength of plain RPC and high and normal strength concrete. Each set consisted of (4) cubes of (100×100×100_mm, (8) cylinder of (150×300mm) and (4) prism of (100x100x500) mm and consisted of (4) beam of (1000×100×400)mm. The results shown that the maximum compressive strength is 107 MPa and the maximum splitting tensile 9 MPa of RPC comparison high and normal strength concrete. The result of the second part shown increased RPC reinforced concrete the firstcrack288 MPa and ultimate crack 380MPa comparison high and normal strength concrete and the mode of failure of RPC (flexural-shear).
Open graded asphalt mixture is becoming more widespread where it is applied for various purposes, e.g. drainage of rainwater effectivity, traffic safety (high skid resistance), and controlling pollution noise. However, it has many other disadvantages, of which low stability, high stripping, and moisture sensitivity. The research aims to study the effect of styrene butadiene styrene SBS addition on the volumetric and mechanical properties of open graded mixture. In this research one type of aggregate with gradation (12.5 mm NMAS), asphalt of penetration grade (40/50), and cement as filler were used. Optimum asphalt content was selected based on the criteria of air voids content, asphalt drain down, permeability, and abrasion resistance (for aged and un-aged) samples. Other properties of open-graded mixtures, such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and flow were evaluated. The results show that addition of polymer (SBS) leads to an enhancement in the properties of the modified mixtures. There is an improvement in Marshall parameters. Also, a slight decreasing is noticed for permeability and air voids. For Cantabro abrasion loss (aging and un-aging condition), the abrasion resistance is increased, the drain down of asphalt is decreased from original mixture by addition of SBS. Finally, the moisture sensitivity is improved indicating that modified mixes becomes more resistant to water damage.
Expansive soil poses significant challenges for civil engineers worldwide since it seriously affects the structures built upon it. This soil has a very active group of minerals called montmorillonite, which is responsible for the significant volume change it exhibits. For a number of years, chemical additives have been utilized to stabilize soil, with various levels of success. Soil stabilization has involved the use of a variety of additives, including cement, lime, polymers, salts, and combinations of these. However, lime is very often used for expansive soil stabilization as it improves the soil's mechanical properties. The effects of adding three percentages of lime (3%, 6%, and 9%) to expansive soil to improve its engineering properties are investigated through several tests. The laboratory tests consist of standard compaction, sieve analysis, atterberg limits, hydrometer, California bearing ratio, consolidation test, swelling potential, and specific gravity. The test results displayed that the plasticity index, liquid limit, swelling potential, and maximum dry density, specific gravity decreased using (3%, 6%, and 9%) lime. In contrast, the plastic limit, and optimum moisture content increased using (3%, 6%, and 9%) lime. The California bearing ratio is increased from (12.13% to 14.65%) by adding (9% L). The swelling index and compression index are decreased from (0.070 to 0.030) and from (0.581 to 0.193) respectively by adding (9% L). The swelling percentage is reduced from (18.77% to 6.03%) by adding (9% L).
Most of the soils suffered from significant geotechnical problems dependent on factors like the type of soil, soil composition and mineralogy. Specifically, the problems related to mechanical and physical properties of soils. Several studies have been used to mitigate the adverse effects of soils through using either additive conventional materials such as cement, lime or these soils blending with produced material and chemical materials. This paper focuses on stabilizing or improving different soils using sustainable materials. These materials provided environmental and economic benefits while mitigating a health hazard, storage problems, and a potential pollution source. They can be classified according to these sources into four groups: industrial waste (by-products), agriculture waste, domestic waste and mineral waste. According to the results of this review, compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength have been studied and discussed in this paper.
A tack coat is a minimal coating of asphalt cement, cut-back asphalt, or asphalt emulsion to an existing pavement surface between layers to guarantee proper bonding between the two layers and longitudinal and transverse joints. Numerous researchers have assessed interlayer adhesion employing failure-mode behavior tests, such as pull-off, direct shear, and torsion testing. This study aims to quantify the best tensile resistance obtained using three types of cutback asphalt (RC70, RC800 modified with polymer 4.5% & MC70). All are applied on concrete surfaces at a rate of 0.5 L/m². The Proceq DYNA Z16 pull–off tester is used to measure the tensile strength at a rate of 0.25 kN/s. It is found that the average tensile strength of the tack coat materials is (0.319, 0.138, 0.028) MPa, respectively. It is concluded that RC70 has the maximum tensile strength. Also, the different types of solvent affect adhesion strengths; RC70 was Prepared using gasoline, while MC70 used petroleum. Gasoline has greater volatility and thus increased adhesion. Failure strength modes of interior bonding varied between cohesive failure adhesive and adhesive failure.
Bio-cement built on microbial induced carbonate precipitation MICP, be able to consolidate the loose grains and can applied for soil reinforcement. In this study, the performing of an ureolytic Sporosarcina Pasteurii for sand stabilization was estimated. The S. Pasteurii Could effectively consolidates sand particles through urea hydrolysis and the successive production of calcite. The bio improved sands had relative great compressive strength after 60 days exposure to bacterial cells injections cycles. The compressive strength of bio stabilized sands was reliant on the utilized cell concentrations and density of urea and CaCl2. High bacteria cell masses decreased the compressive strength. The optimal density of cell, was OD600 0.5, when cost and performance were taken into account. The study shows that bio cementation of sand built on microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has ability for the reduction of sand permeability through pore clogging with precipitated carbonate.