A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Smart Prosthetic Sockets: Enhancing Gait Symmetry and User Comfort
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.28020266Keywords:
Smart Socket, Gait Cycle, Traditional Socket, AK, GRFAbstract
This study compares two different sockets, traditional and smart. It includes designs, manufacturing, and testing to evaluate the influence of the socket designs on gait symmetry. The proposed materials are locally available in the prosthetics center where traditional sockets are manufactured. and smart socket designs with the same materials as traditional additions. A simple electronic system programmed to control the movement of the stump by pneumatic pads and prevent slipping during movement is considered an advanced suspension system. A gait cycle test was carried out to evaluate the sockets. it was performed on a patient with AK amputation in two cases: the first when the patient was wearing the traditional and the second when wearing the smart. Where the difference in (gait cycle time, step velocity, heel contact, and mid-stance) between the left and right leg is equal to (0.54, 4.3, 0.19, and 0.34) respectively, when the patient uses the traditional, while these values reduce to (0.09, 0.7, 0.07, and 0.27) respectively when the patient used the smart, it improves comfort by modifying pressure distribution, relieving pressure points, and enhancing functionality through gait analysis. They adjust to the volume of the residual limb, ensuring an effective fit. Real-time monitoring and remote modifications decrease the need for in-person meetings and enhance user confidence. The smart socket, designed to fit user requirements, provides enhanced comfort, functionality, and independence. The studies will explore its long-term benefits and broader applications, focusing on its originality, practical implications, and outcome measurement.
Downloads
References
S. Hussain, S. Shams, and S. J. Khan, "Impact of medical advancement: prostheses," in Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering. London, U.K.: IntechOpen, 2019. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86602
E. Hagberg, Ö. K. Berlin, and P. Renström, "Function after through-knee compared with below-knee and above-knee amputation," Prosthet. Orthot. Int., vol. 16, 1992. DOI: 10.3109/03093649209164336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/03093649209164336
T. M. Balarama Krishnan, "A novel framework for design and analysis of customised prosthetic feet using non-linear finite element analysis," unpublished. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351123700
B. Kılıç, "Methods of determining the amputation level of lower extremity," Eur. J. Exp. Biol., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 55-60, 2014.
K. H. Lee et al., "A pneumatically controlled prosthetic socket for transfemoral amputees," Sensors, vol. 24, no. 1, 2024. DOI: 10.3390/s24010133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010133
L. Paternò et al., "A personalised prosthetic liner with embedded sensor technology: A case study," Biomed. Eng. Online, vol. 19, no. 1, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00814-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-020-00814-y
J. Seo et al., "A prosthetic socket with active volume compensation for the amputated lower limbs," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2021. DOI: 10.3390/s21020407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020407
B. Oldfrey et al., "Additive manufacturing techniques for smart prosthetic liners," Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 87, pp. 45-55, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.11.006
A. Sahli, A. Moulgada, I. Boudjemaa, B. Benkhettou, A. Smail, and B. Benbarek, "Effect of personalized liner thickness on the stresses at the stump-prosthesis interface," Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., pp. 2703-2711, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2022.2163011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.2163011
L. Paternò et al., "Soft transfemoral prosthetic socket with sensing and augmenting feedback: A case study," IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 536-547, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TMRB.2024.3381378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMRB.2024.3381378
A. I. S. Kubba and A. A. Alammar, "Manufacturing and testing pneumatic pads adjustable socket for a below-knee prosthetic," Al-Nahrain J. Eng. Sci., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 164-168, 2024. DOI: 10.29194/njes.27020164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.27020164
K. Ten Duis, J. Bosmans, H. Voesten, J. Geertzen, and P. Dijkstra, "Knee disarticulation: survival, wound healing and ambulation. A historic cohort study," Prosthet. Orthot. Int., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 52-60, 2009. DOI: 10.1080/03093640802557020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03093640802557020
A. Abbas, S. Duraid, A. S. Abbas, and S. D. Dawood, "Study heat diffusion of different prosthetics during the manufacturing process," presented at the Eng. Technol. Conf., vol. 13, no. 22, 2018. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337548596
B. Kılıç, "Methods of determining the amputation level of lower extremity," Eur. J. Exp. Biol., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 55-60, 2014.
S. M. Abbas and M. H. Abbas, "Analysis and manufacturing of above-knee prosthesis socket by using RevoFit solution," IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 454, art. 012025, 2018. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/454/1/012025
L. Paternò, M. Ibrahimi, E. Gruppioni, A. Menciassi, and L. Ricotti, "Sockets for limb prostheses: A review of existing technologies and open challenges," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1996-2010, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2017.2775100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2017.2775100
W. Anderst et al., "Within-subject effects of standardized prosthetic socket modifications on physical function and patient-reported outcomes," Trials, vol. 23, no. 1, 2022. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06205-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06205-z
H. M. Kaidi et al., "Rehabilitation monitoring prototype: Arduino Nano 33 BLE," J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2250, no. 1, art. 012009, 2022. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2250/1/012009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2250/1/012009
M. Z. H. Bhuiyan and S. A. Sabina, "Multipurpose surveillance robot using Arduino Mega 2560 and Bluetooth module HC-05," MATEC Web Conf., vol. 393, art. 04001, 2024. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/202439304001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439304001
M. Yang et al., "A dual-mode single-inductor dual-output DC-DC converter with fast transient response," IEICE Electron. Express, vol. 9, no. 23, pp. 1780-1785, 2012. DOI: 10.1587/elex.9.1780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.9.1780
A. Z. A. Akmal et al., "Numerical investigation of immersion cooling performance for lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) battery: effects of dielectric fluids and flow velocity," J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2643, no. 1, art. 012015, 2023. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2643/1/012015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2643/1/012015
J. Chai, Y. Qiao, W. Ding, and H. Zhu, "Mechanism of air-boosting and its effects on vacuum consolidation," Geotext. Geomembranes, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 554-561, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2024.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2024.02.002
J. Guo et al., "Optimization design of magnetic isolation ring position in AC solenoid valves for dynamic response performances," Micromachines, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 1065, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/mi13071065
S. J. Shivaraj et al., "Structural health monitoring system to a bridge using FSR sensor interfaced with Arduino UNO," J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2779, no. 1, art. 012043, 2024. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2779/1/012043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2779/1/012043
D. Sonker, "Measurement of temperature with sensor LM35," unpublished. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354598620
S. Ali et al., "Qualitative study of prosthetic suspension systems on transtibial amputees' satisfaction and perceived problems with their prosthetic devices," Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 93, no. 11, pp. 1919-1923, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.024
H. Mack, E. Sutton, and R. Hoskins, "Shuttle lock suspension supplemented with suction for a person with transfemoral amputation: A case report," J. Prosthet. Orthot., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 188-192, 2013. DOI: 10.1097/JPO.0000000000000003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JPO.0000000000000003
G. Pirouzi et al., "Development of an air pneumatic suspension system for transtibial prostheses," Sensors, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 16754-16765, 2014. DOI: 10.3390/s140916754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s140916754
J. Guo et al., "Optimization design of magnetic isolation ring position in AC solenoid valves for dynamic response performances," Micromachines, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 1065, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/mi13071065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071065
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahed S. Nasir, Wajdi Sadik Aboud, Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their manuscript by submitting the work to this journal, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC 4.0), which permits use for any non-commercial purpose, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite
