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Go to Editorial ManagerIn this work, a sensor for cooking oils was designed and fabricated for the first time using hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). This sensor was studied practically, and the results showed a difference in sensitivity depending on the type of oil. The results showed that the wavelength shift occurred with very small changes in the refractive index of the edible oil. The confinement loss was computed. Seven oils with various refractive indices were utilized. Based on our results, the relative sensitivity to various kinds of Canola oil, Sunflower oil, Olive oil, Walnut oil, Sesame oil, Corn oil, and Wheat oil are 79.9321%, 80.1588%, 77.4523%, 77.4889%, and 77.5650%, 77.6652%, 80.5902% respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor also has low confinement losses of 6.473×10-9dB/m, 1.158×10-9dB/m, 1.2×10-9dB/m, 1.20×10-9dB/m, 1.199×10-9 dB/m, 1.2×10-9dB/m, and 6.347×10-9dB/m respectively. This sensor can be used to measure the quality of oils and distinguish their types, and they can be a practical element in oil detection systems, which will bring about a change in the future in oil detection methods.
The technique of recording muscle signals is crucial in determining how effectively they can be utilized for individual benefit. This study focuses on hand movements recognized by using the Myo armband and Motion Processing Unit (MPU) 6050 sensors. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were employed for classification. sEMG signals using the Myo armband for 7 hand gestures and 2 elbow movements were recorded from 10 healthy subjects. Results showed that SVM outperforms LDA and k-NN in accuracy in both cases, the sensor is worn once on the arm and again on the forearm. regions. The window size and choice of features significantly influence system accuracy, with SVM achieving an average accuracy of 89.84%. Besides that, the fusion of Myo Armband sensor and gyroscope sensor through OR rule makes significant enhancement in recognition accuracy with which is reached to 97.0135%. In conclusion, the Myo armband, when worn on the forearm, proves practical for hand gesture recognition, with SVM offering superior recognition accuracy. Furthermore, the combination of the Myo Armband sensor and the gyroscope sensor showed higher recognition accuracy.
In the last two decades, underwater acoustic sensor networks have begun to be used for commercial and non-commercial purposes. In this paper, the focus will be on improving the monitoring performance system of oil pipelines. Linear wireless sensor networks are a model of underwater applications for which many solutions have been developed through several research studies in previous years for data collection research. In underwater environments, there are certain inherent limitations, like large propagation delays, high error rate, limited bandwidth capacity, and communication with short-range. Many deployment algorithms and routing algorithms have been used in this field. In this work a new hierarchical network model proposed with improvement to Smart Redirect or Jump algorithm (SRJ). This improved algorithm is used in an underwater linear wireless sensor network for data transfer to reduce the complexity in routing algorithm for relay nodes which boost delay in communication. This work is implemented using OMNeT++ and MATLAB based on their integration. The results obtained based on throughput, energy consumption, and end to the end delay.
Whispering Gallery Mode Micro-Resonators (WGMRs) have received significant interest due to their great sensitivity to environmental changes, compact size, and ability to operate over a wide spectral range because their low optical losses produce high-quality factors so that they can be used in various sensing applications. This work investigates the design and implementation of cylindrical WGMRs for Refractive Index (RI) sensing for different delivery fiber diameters. Single Mode Fiber with different waist diameters (80,67.1,18) µm were used as delivery fibers. At the same time, the sensor (resonator) fiber is SMF with a diameter (125 µm). Quality factors and Free Spectral Range (FSR) were calculated and analyzed for each diameter. The quality factor for all diameters was in power of 104, which is considered good. The FSR is inversely proportional to fiber diameter. FSR values were (0.678,1.75,2.03) nm for (80,67.1,18) µm delivery fiber diameters respectively. An analyte prepared by NaCl with different refractive indices is used to investigate the RI sensor performance. Higher sensitivity is obtained from the WGMR with a smaller waist diameter, which is (-)74 nm/RIU. While for the delivery fiber diameters (80,67.1) µm were (-0.28, -9.27) nm/RIU respectively. The submitted sensor will have a good contribution in the field of chemical, biological and medical applications.
This article is about studying the placing direction effect of a piezoelectric sensor on the shoe insole in the GRF results. Where the sensors used in this research are in two directions, along and perpendicular to the foot midline. In the both cases the sensors were fixed on the shoe insole to sense the foot pressure. For the first set of sensors which are perpendicular to the foot midline the collected data has similar trend to the GRF collected from the force plate, as the small lateral strain in the shoe insole due to the patient weight and GRF is close to the GRF data collected from other measurement system. On the other hand, the collected data from the second set of sensors which are in a longitudinal direction with the foot midline will have different trend and values from the collected data from the force plate or any other GRF measurement system. This different in the results is due to the large longitudinal strain in the shoe insole due to the patient weight which produce dissimilar results from the force plate result data.
In Urban cities, services are supported by intelligent applications and are connected to each other through ad hoc networks. Any service can be operated using a compatible of an Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This study focuses on the transportation service and finding a non-cost solution to solve the crossroads congestion that affected people time and money. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that are planted on the roads can help in monitoring the roads situation by collecting their data and send them through wireless communication to a traffic management center. In this work two phases of time are considered for a crowded area. Low-cost components are suggested to solve the congestion at the cross roads without the need for reconstruct the roads. IoT device such as smart phone can be wirelessly connected to the Traffic Management Center (TMC), which can analyze the incoming data from WSN and send back the calculated time to the police officer to control the green light long and overcome the standard time installed for all directions. The main idea is to solve the congestion problem in real time by extending the time long of the green traffic light for the road direction with the highest vehicle density. The suggested algorithm was operated on a dataset of 6 days and for the time phase from 7:00-10:00am.
Diabetes is a long-term medical condition that impacts the way your body converts food into energy, it has the potential to lead to several severe health complications, such as heart disease, stroke, vision impairment, kidney issues, and nerve damage. Nevertheless, individuals with diabetes can lead extended and healthy lives with effective management. The goal of diabetes treatment is to keep your blood sugar levels within a healthy range. So Glucose measurement is an important part of diabetes management. It allows people with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels and make adjustments to their diet and medication as needed. Morning fasting blood glucose typically falls within the range of (70 mg/dL) to (110 mg/dL), while after a meal, blood glucose levels should ideally be below (140 mg/dL). In this proposed work an Arduino-based noninvasive glucose measurement device is proposed. Non-invasive glucose measurement devices do not require the user to prick their finger to draw blood. A Red Laser (RL) technique, is employed, this method surpasses the other invasive approach and non-invasive methods in terms of superiority. Since invasive techniques can be painful and expensive. This paper describes a new way to measure blood sugar levels without having to prick your finger. The method uses a red laser to shine light through the skin and measure how much the light is bent. The amount of bending tells the device how much sugar is in the blood. Numerous tests and experimental outcomes have been produced to demonstrate the exceptional accuracy of the proposed method.
Spinal alignment examination procedures are frequently employed to assess spinal deformities. The spine plays a crucial role in maintaining the biomechanical functionality of the skeletal system. It protects the spinal cord and facilitates movement, among other vital functions. Various methods, including radiography and non-invasive techniques such as goniometer, inclinometer and kyphometer, have been employed to assess spine alignment qualitatively. Nevertheless, these methods are characterized by a high radiation dose and require significant time. Consequently, this study aimed to develop and create a portable, user-friendly, radiation-free computer-assisted electromechanical device to assess spinal deformities. This device is designed to evaluate sagittal spinal alignment by estimating the angle between two vertebrae for the segmental and global thoracic and lumbar regions, and the length of the spine. This study highlighted the importance of the method in evaluating spinal alignment. The MPU-6050 sensor was employed to record the angle between the two vertebrae, while the rotary encoder was utilized to measure the length of the spine. Subsequently, the data was transmitted to a computer over a Bluetooth module connection, following processing by the Arduino Nano microcontroller. The proposed system was employed on five healthy adult subjects to evaluate their standing posture in the sagittal plane, namely in the upright, flexion, and extension positions. The resulting parameters that define spinal alignment are provided. The suggested system offers the benefits of simplicity, portability, and cost-effectiveness, allowing for rapid and accurate assessment of sagittal spinal alignment. It enables quick clinical assessment and provides few health risks to the patient, leading to correct diagnosis.
Recently microwave photonic filter (MPF) have a great interest due to their advantages which include low loss, wide bandwidth tunability, reconfigurability, and no electromagnetic interference. This paper presented a comprehensive optical transmission analysis of a reflective-type microring resonator (R-MRR) using coupled mode theory, and design guidelines for MPF through two cascaded R-MRR using COMSOL software simulation results. The design was implemented on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform-based MPF which exhibits wide bandwidth tunability and reconfigurability by adjusting the coupling coefficient in the two coupling regions. In this structure, a grating coupler (GC) reflector is introduced to the drop port of MRR. The analysis and simulation results were confirmed by utilizing a GC reflector and Mach-Zehender Interferometer (MZI). The results of the proposed MPF at laser light input of (1.55*10^6- m) wavelength showed the bandwidth and center frequency are adjusted from 0.3 to 6 GHz and 13 to 54.8 GHz, respectively, with a high rejection ratio reaching 70 dB. Overall, the structure represents a significant step towards designing the MPFs, which show perfect flexibility and have numerous applications in such fields as radar, sensor, and wireless communications.
Non-dispersive near-infrared technique is widely used nowadays for the detection of gases, especially in harsh environments. In this study, an optical gas cell was designed for oxygenator exhaust capnometry. A computer-based simulation was used for the analysis of air flows for model selection. ANSYS Discovery 2020 R2 was used for model simulation. The gas flow cells were tested using a custom-made gas rig to measure the fraction absorbance of carbon dioxide gas at the detector. Two gases were used, nitrogen gas as a reference gas (0%) and 9% carbon dioxide. Three gas cells with the following optical path lengths were tested: 31mm, 36mm, and 40mm. The results showed that all gas flow cells produced laminar flow and small pressure drop across the inlet and outlet of the cell (11~12 Pa). Further, the minimum velocity is obtained in the 40mm gas flow sensor and it is located at the gas outlet path away from the effective optical gas path. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the gas flow cell of 40mm optical path length is more suitable for the intended application as it offers a maximum effective absorption path compared to the stagnation areas, and as a result, it provides the maximum fraction absorbance.