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Go to Editorial ManagerThis study investigates the effect of Castor oil on the pollutants emissions in the continuous combustion chamber. The bio-blend fuels used are mixtures of Castor oil with two types of hydrocarbon fuels (gas oil and kerosene). The pollutants measured include carbon monoxide CO, unburned hydrocarbon UHC, soot and nitrogen oxide NOx . It is found that all pollutants have less emissions when using Castor oil blended in different percentages of 5% , 7%, and 10% . The lower emission with Castor oil blends due to the existence of oxygen O2 in the chemical structure of the Castor oil which is sufficient to seek the complete combustion. The test were conducted through the range of equivalence ratio between (0.85-1.7) . Results showed that Castor oil blends with gas oil brings a reduction of about 71.2% in CO, 22.1% in UHC, 37.8% in NOx and 29.6% in soot emissions from that of pure gas oil. But, blends with kerosene, showed a reduction of about 70.6% in CO, 20% in UHC, 35.8% in NOx and 29% in soot emissions compared with those of pure kerosene.
The emission sources have great effects on our environment. Further using of fossil fuels because of our needs for heating purposes and developments leads to raising the emission concentration in the air which caused to health risks to human society and its environment. This paper deals with using a different percentage of Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas from 10% to 25% with different percentage of Iraqi Gas-oil fuel from 90% to 75%, keeping the thermal load constant in order to indicate the possibility of reducing the pollutant emissions . A dual fuel burner and equivalence ratio range from 0.8 to 1.4 is used to study the emission concentrations based on these equivalence ratio. For further reducing in emission and heat recovery from the exhaust gases the cooling effect also investigated for water mass flow-rate from 12 kg/s to 48 kg/s roughly. The results showed that for further increasing equivalence ratio the UHC, CO, and Soot increased by about 3% and NOx, and CO2 decreased by 2.5% and this due to decreasing the oxygen ratio in the mixture and incomplete combustion occurred. Also for increasing percentage participating of LPG fuel as a secondary fuel, UHC, CO, and Soot decreased by 8%and NOx and CO2 increased slightly. With heat recovery process the concentration of UHC, CO, and Soot increased slightly while NOx, CO2 decreased by 1.5% because of decreasing of combustion chamber temperature.
Hydrogen fuel is a good alternative to fossil fuels. It can be produced using a clean energy without contaminated emissions. This work is concerned with experimental study on hydrogen production via solar energy. Hybrid photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) is used to convert solar radiation to electrical and thermal energy. The electrical energy is used to analyze water into hydrogen and oxygen by using alkaline water electrolyzer with stainless steel electrodes. The absorbed thermal energy is used to heat circulating water inside the copper serpentine pipe fixed on the back surface of the PV panel. A perforated pipe connected on the upper edge of PV panel is used to spray a thin layer of water on the PV panel surface for auxiliary cooling and improve the generated electrical power. The hydrogen production system is tested at different temperature of electrolysis water (40, 45, 50, 55, 60)?C. The experimental results show that the PV module electrical efficiency is improved by (14.31)%. while the power generated was enhanced by (3.94 to 15.40)%. The maximum hydrogen production rate is 153.3 ml/min, the efficiency of the system is 20.88% and the total amount of hydrogen produced in one day is 220.752 liter.
Concrete is considered the most important and widely used building material in the world of construction and building due to its durability, high efficiency in shaping, and relatively reasonable cost. The main component of concrete is cement, and one of the most important problems related to cement is the environmental problems associated with cement manufacturing, as the cement manufacturing process releases a large amount of carbon dioxide. Despite the essential role of concrete in construction, we cannot ignore its environmental impact. Some claim that exploring alternative materials or innovative building techniques would reduce the carbon footprint and enhance sustainability in the industry. Partial cement replacement with pozzolanic materials like zeolite is a key technique to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Zeolite, which reduces permeability, is a typical concrete ingredient that strengthens and lasts. Recently, natural zeolite has become a prominent concrete pozzolanic component. For environmental preservation and sustainable development, various experiments were done on concrete with pozzolanic components partially substituting cement and compared to ordinary concrete. A partial replacement of cement with zeolite improves the properties of concrete up to a certain age and mixing ratio. More than 44 relevant articles from 2004–2024 were selected from 762 papers evaluated for this paper. This paper reviews natural zeolite research in real applications. Additionally, it provided a cutting-edge review of natural zeolite literature through a critical analysis of various previous investigations. It also helped to understand how zeolite influences concrete mixture workability, strength, and durability. Since zeolite is a major concrete ingredient, it should be promoted as a sustainable resource.
Searching for an optimal alternative to normal cement concrete (NCC) is an urgent need nowadays in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, reduce energy, and reduce waste materials. Therefore, this research aims to examine zero cement concrete (ZCC) slabs under monotonic loads with several paramedic studies including slab thickness (60mm, 80mm, 100 mm), bar spacing (75mm, 150mm, and 225mm), and molarity concentration (6M, 8M, and 10M). The results showed the behavior of reinforced ZCC slabs is similar to or slightly lower than that of normal cement concrete. Increasing slab thickness from 60 mm to 80 mm and 100 mm enhanced the slab stiffness, increased the applied loads, and reduced the vertical mid-span deflection. Decreasing bar spacing by 33.33% and 66.67% relative to 225 mm reduced also the deflection. The energy absorption was increased due to increasing the slab thickness and bar spacing. When the load increased, the slabs eventually failed by a typically visible punching cone (punching shear).
Road transport undeniably constitutes the predominant mechanism for facilitating the transportation of both goods and individuals on a global scale, serving as an essential backbone for economic and social interactions across diverse regions and cultures. The noticeable decrease in the flow of vehicles, which can be attributed to a plethora of internal and external factors, with a particular emphasis on the phenomenon of congestion, has profound implications that significantly influence fuel consumption rates, contribute to pollution associated with emissions, adversely affect the health and well-being of bystanders, and culminate in a considerable loss of time for individuals navigating these congested environments. In light of their elevated population densities coupled with their classification as emerging economies, South Asian countries find themselves necessitated to implement automated systems for the critical processes of predicting, identifying, and effectively addressing the challenges posed by road traffic congestion in order to enhance urban mobility and overall transport efficiency. This thorough research carefully explores the various techniques that have been utilized to recognize traffic congestion, presenting an extensive assessment of their individual strengths and weaknesses, thus offering insightful observations about the existing situation in this field of study. The examination of the diverse approaches and advanced technologies that have been utilized for the operation of lane-less roadways have been conducted, revealing substantial potential for further innovations that could greatly assist future researchers in their endeavors to enhance traffic management and improve roadway safety and efficiency.