×
The submission system is temporarily under maintenance. Please send your manuscripts to
Go to Editorial ManagerPoly(vinyl chloride) photodecomposition films that contains melamine Schiff base (0.5% by weight) as photostabilizers upon preservation with an ultraviolet light (UV) was investigated. The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in existence of melamine Schiff base compared to PVC (blank). The Schiff base 1 was found to most effective additive in PVC photostabilization films. Photodecomposition rate content for PVC films containing Schiff base 1 was found to be 5 × 10-3 sec-1 compared to 8.7 × 10-3 sec-1 for blank film. Ultraviolet radiation aging behaviors of PVC films were studied through leaching test by measuring the degree of migration. The surface morphology of PVC films was inspected by scanning electron microscope.
This paper proposes robust control for three models of the linear inverted pendulum (one mass linear inverted pendulum model, two masses linear inverted pendulum model and three masses linear inverted pendulum model) which represents the upper, middle and lower body of a bipedal walking robot. The bipedal walking robot is built of light-weight and hard Aluminum sheets with 2 mm thickness. The minimum phase system and non-minimum phase system are studied and investigated for inverted pendulum models. The bipedal walking robot is programmed by Arduino microcontroller UNO. A MATLAB Simulink system is built to embrace the theoretical work. The results showed that one linear inverted pendulum is the worst performance, worst noise rejection and the worst set point tracking to the zero moment point. But two masses linear inverted pendulum models and three masses linear inverted pendulum model have a better performance, a better high-frequency noise rejection characteristic and better set-point tracking to the zero moment point.
Due to the Kurdistan regional government-KRG district mission potential towards huge solar energy power generation plant investments by global investors, a genuine study is required to explore the impact of PV-panels installation angles on power generation gain within all seasons duration as the KRG located in four season area which, affect the annual total power gain due to daylight duration effect in each season. The proposed study was conducted within a duration of “513” days utilizing three PV tilt installation angle tests of “ 30⁰, 35⁰, and 40⁰ ” with “ 545 watts single side PV plates” selecting the Erbil district area gaining a crucial role in maximizing energy output for comparison, Results presented a significant variation in power gain due to deviations in annual effective daylight duration effectively mostly a reduction in cold seasons within 25%-37.7% drops compared to the hot season, while the sunset and sunrise duration presented a significant influence of 5%-10% drops in power generated. The season change shows a significant influence of weather variation in each calendar on power gain annually. The installation orientation angle impact presented divergence in production within the cold season only. Process output can potentially unlock a novelty awareness of the investors toward innovative yield project optimization in the area as it will affect the annual power purchasing influence and production divergence with interest.
The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the effect of fineness moduli (FM) of fine aggregate on fresh properties (flow ability. Passing ability and segregation resistance), and hardened properties (compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity UPV) of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Four values of FM 2.3, 2.5, 2.7 and 3.1 were used, according to acceptance range of ASTM C33-03 for FM for fine aggregate, which recommended range for FM is 2.3 to 3.1._x000D_ Four series of mixes were casting , each series consist of two mixes represent normal strength and high strength SCC, each series of mixes made from fine aggregate have the same FM. Flow ability, passing ability.and segregation resistance of fresh SCC, both with normal and high strength decreases with increasing the fineness moduli. High strength SCC more effected than normal strength concrete due to increase the volume of particles. _x000D_ Great enhancement in compressive strength split tensile strength and flexural strength in both normal and high strength SCC when the FM is 2.5. Increase FM to 2.7 and 3.1 not lead to increase in strengths. The UPV values of normal and high strength SCC mixes have a good general condition. SCC mixes with FM 2.5 possess excellent general conditions.
The adsorption characteristics of Nickel (II) onto Iraqi Bentonite clay from aqueous solution have been investigated with respect to changes in pH of solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature of the solution. The maximum removal efficiency of Nickel (II) ions is 96% at pH=6.5 and exposure to 100 g/L adsorbent. For the adsorption of Nickel (II) ions, the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Langmuir isotherm model. Experimental data are also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of adsorption and it was found that the adsorption process for Ni+2 ions follows well pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (?G°), enthalpy (?H°) and entropy (?S°) of adsorption are also calculated for Nickel (II) ions. The results show that the adsorption of the Nickel (II) ions on Iraqi Bentonite is feasible and exothermic at (20-50) °C.
Computational and experimental investigation of fluidic thrust vectoring using counter-flow method had been carried out in the present work. The experimental investigation involved the design and construction of a test rig for a circular duct to examine the effect of various geometric variables on the thrust vectoring angle. The experimental tests covered Coanda surface radius R/d = (0.58823, 1.17647, 1.75471), secondary gap height h/d = (0.02941, 0.05882), over a secondary mass flow ratio range (0 ?
The heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat energy between two fluids, hot and cold. In this work, an output feedback adaptive sliding mode controller is designed to control the temperature of the outlet cold water for plate heat exchanger. The discontinuous gain value of the sliding mode controller is adapted according to a certain adaptation law, where the only information required is the measurement of the outlet cold temperature. A sliding mode differentiator was design to estimate time derivative of outlet hot water temperature. Two constraints which imposed on the volumetric flow rate of the hot water (control input) were considered within the rules of the proposed adaptation law in this work. These are the control input is positive only and has a maximum value. For constructing the sliding variable, the outlet hot water temperature and its time derivative are required. The maximum allowable desired outlet cold water has been estimated as function of heat exchanger parameters and maximum control input. The simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed adaptive sliding mode control where the outlet cold water was forced to follow desired temperature equal to . Additionally, the robustness of the proposed controller was tested for the case where the cold inlet temperature is not constant. The results reveal the robustness of the proposed controller.
This paper presents experimental investigations to study the behavior of High Strength Reinforced Concrete (HSRC) deep beams with web openings under monotonic and static repeated loading conditions. The experimental work procedure consisted of testing eighteen simply supported HSRC deep beams both with and without web openings. The numerical work procedure consisted of testing ten simply supported HSRC deep beams both with web openings. All beams had the same dimensions and flexural reinforcement. They had an overall length of 1400 mm, a width of 150 mm and a height of 400 mm. The investigated test parameters were concrete compressive strength, shape and size of openings, vertical and horizontal reinforcement ratios, shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d ratio) and loading history. The experimental results reveal that the ultimate load capacities for specimens tested under four different repeated loading regimes decrease in the range between 2% and 19% in regards to the control specimens which were tested under monotonic loading regime. The results indicated that the increase in the severity of loading history leads to a decrease in the ultimate shear strength of the deep beams and causes increases in their ductility ratio. The ultimate loads of HSRC deep beams with square web openings size of (50*50mm, 60*60mm and 70*70mm) tested under the repeated loading history (HS-1) which consisting of five phases decreased by (11.4 %, 24.1% and 26.3 %, respectively) compared to that of identical solid deep beam. The ultimate load of HSCR deep beam with circular web openings shape tested under repeated loading history (HS-1) increases by 8.6 % compared to the equivalent square web openings shape. For numerically analyzed beams under repeated loading history (HS-1), the ultimate load increases by 16% when using area of 2500mm2 of circular web openings shape (equal in area to square web opening size 50mm*50mm) and by 13.5% when using rhombus web openings shape of the dimensions 50*50mm in comparison with the case of 60-mm size square web openings.
Heritage buildings are part of the connection between the past and the present. By paying attention to their occupancy, we keep the present and future generations in touch with what our ancestors achieved, hence sustaining them being part of the living heritage. Restoration and renovation procedures must be carried out to make them capable of meeting contemporary needs, However, it is essential to recognize the architectural characteristics that resonate with long term occupants. This research focuses on the effect of design characteristics on the psychological relationship between heritage buildings and their occupants, through case studies of two heritage buildings in Baghdad. The first is the previous Theological college building of Al al-Bayt University of the 1920s, now the College of education for girls, and the second is the 19th century Ottoman Al-Qishla building. The study relies on conducting a questionnaire for the occupants about their response to design characteristics of each building. The questionnaire concluded that the design characteristics of the heritage building have a significant impact on the psychological response of its occupants. The majority of respondents indicated that characteristics such as clarity of function, clarity of elements, sense of security, privacy, and flexibility, were satisfactory. The majority of respondents expressed appreciation for heritage buildings, as well as positive evaluations and appreciation for the reflection of the past in these buildings, indicating that “architectural characteristics of the heritage building” has a significant impact on the psychological connection felt by the occupants of the heritage building.
Square patch antennas (SPA) are widely used today's in wireless communication systems, mainly with popular frequency of 1.575 GHz. Wireless devices are the main source of propagation and radiation for the Electromagnetic (EM) rays. The waves penetrate tissues of the human beings and cause health danger. A fractal Sausage Minkowski square patch antenna is proposed, designed and simulated. A Fractal antenna is designed and simulated at 1.575 GHz for GPS application using CST MW studio 2014. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the term which measures the exposure of human to electromagnetic waves radiation for communication antenna. SAR values are calculated over tissues mass with respect to the IEEE and (ICNIRP) standards for head safety. The SPA antenna presents the smallest SAR levels in adult head tissues at 2nd iteration Sausage Minkowski fractal antenna. The results show that the SAR levels for the three different fractal iteration are the highest in (ICNIRP) standard as compared to (IEEE) standard.
A new robust control algorithm is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems represented by a Single Link Manipulator (SLM) system. This algorithm is based on new techniques and methods in order to obtain a controller for the SLM system. First of all, the system is simplified using Variable Transformation Technique (VTT) in order to fit the analysis procedure. Then, a new idea of designing a model reference for the multiple states (n=4) system is presented to correspond the control design. Next, the Lyapunov Stability Analysis (LSA) is used to figure out a proper controller that can compensate the stability and the performance of the SLM system. After that, the Most Valuable Player Algorithm (MVPA) is applied to find the optimal parameters of the proposed controller to accomplish the optimum performance improvement. Finally, it can be concluded that the proposed control algorithm has improved the stability and the performance of the SLM system. In addition, the simulation results show the remarkable effects of the proposed nonlinear controller on the SLM system.
In this study, low cost biosorbent ? inactive biomass (IB) granules (dp=0.433mm) taken from drying beds of Al-Rustomia Wastewater Treatment Plant, Baghdad-Iraq were used for investigating the optimum conditions of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) biosorption from aqueous solutions. Various physico-chemical parameters such as initial metal ion concentration (50 to 200 mg/l), equilibrium time (0-180 min), pH (2-9), agitation speed (50-200 rpm), particles size (0.433 mm), and adsorbent dosage (0.05-1 g/100 ml) were studied. Six mathematical models describing the biosorption equilibrium and isotherm constants were tested to find the maximum uptake capacities: Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, Sips, Khan, and Toth models. The best fit to the Pb(II) and Ni(II) biosorption results was obtained by Langmuir model with maximum uptake capacities of 52.76 and 36.97 mg/g for these two ions respectively. While for Cu(II) the corresponding value was 38.07 mg/g obtained with Khan model. The kinetic study demonstrated that the optimum agitation speed was 400 rpm, at which the best removal efficiency and/or minimum surface mass transfer resistance (MSMTR) was achieved. A pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model gave the best fit to the experimental data (R2=0.99), resulting in mass transfer coefficient values of 42.84× , 1.57× , and 2.85× m/s for Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) respectively. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature.
Active vibration controlling loop with proportional - Integral (PI) controller was tested numerically and experimentally for delta wing with three different manufacturing materials; aluminum, [0/90] composite and aluminum foam, both P and PI loop were tested separately. Numerical work was performed in ANSYS v.15 where controller with piezoelectric transducers was totally integrated in program macro. Experimental wings where fabricated to be tested under simulated excitation. Labview 2015 program with high speed Data acquisition were used besides actuators to perform controlling circuit experimentally. Good suppression in wing oscillation was performed where 72% of wing's time of vibration was eliminated for aluminum foam wing. Noticeable agreement was achieved between experimental and numerical responses.
Basrah is the richest town and the economic capital of Iraq. It suffers from lack of drinking water. This project is a dream to supply drinking water to Basrah citizens within WHO standards. Water should pass sedimentation and filtration stages before interring reverse osmosis unit. The design is carried out using lewaplus2 software. Several parameters should be selected in the design step membrane type, number of stages, number per element in each stage, and the recovery percentage. An optimization is carried out using Minitab ver. 18 for the acceptable limit of TDS and minimum cost and it was found that the optimum conditions were 52% for first stage, the numbers of vessels are 20 for both the first and second stage. In addition, results showed that the pressure and the total dissolved solid increase with increasing the recovery while parameters like the feed flow rate per vessel, the power, and the cost are decreasing with the recovery. Mathematical model described the cost was conducted and statistical study was also done to ensure the results.
The research aims to make a comparison between two highly used aluminum alloy though studding the effects left by the microwave furnace wavelengths by (middle dry and amid aqueous solutions) on the mechanical properties and estimated fatigue life of highly resistant widely use aluminum alloy AA 7075-T6 and AA 2024-T3. Since the microwave effect differ from other heating methods through its effects (Heat Transfer) r heating methods effects on the surface of the alloy, which might change some of its properties as well as resistance to fatigue, also to see how this effect changes from alloy to another through this study. The results show some great effects on both mechanical properties and estimated fatigue life for both alloys but with different levels. This new technique is differing from other traditional heat treating ones that is simple, cheap and fast accurate method than the other techniques.There is a common misconception about the use of minerals in microwave ovens and the concept is unscientific and based on false grounds and simplest proof of that is that most of these ovens are built from the inside metal fully, how dangerous this is consistent? This research aims to focus on and remove those problematic and misconceptions.
Recently, three-dimensional models 3DM in the prosthetics field gained popularity, especially in the context of residual limb shape creation resulting from collecting medical images in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine DICOM format from a magnetic resonance imaging MRI after image processing accurately. In this study, a three-dimensional model of the residual limb for a patient with transtibial amputation was realized with the integration of artificial intelligence and a computer vision approach demonstrating the benefits of AI segmentation tools and artificial algorithms to generate higher accuracy three-dimensional model before prosthetic socket design or in case of comparison the 3D model generated from MRI with another 3D model generated from another technique, where a residual limb of a 23 years old male patient with amputation in the left leg wearing a prosthetic socket liner, and having 62 kg weight, 168 cm height, with high activity level. The patient was scanned using GE Medical Systems, 1,5 Tesla Signa Excite. MRI images in DICOM format were read to retrieve essential metadata such as pixel spacing and slice thickness. These images were processed to obtain a model that reflects the real shape of the residual limb using a specific algorithm, and the 3D model was extracted using AI segmentation tools. The obtained 3D model result with high resolution proves the potential of the artificial intelligence approach with deep learning to reconstruct 3D models concluding that AI has an instrumental role in medical image analysis, particularly in the areas of organ and tissue classification and segmentation., thus generating automatic and repetitive a 3D model.
The corrosion behavior of martensite phase in Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy with aging at 150 at time 2,4and 6 hour and quenching ice water with salt, water at room temperature and oil media study by open circuit potential, tafal polarization and cyclic polarization. The microstructure of martensite study by optical microscope and x-ray diffraction(XRD) and transformation temperature was determined by Di?erential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).the result show aging martensite at 150 at 2 and 4 hour have high open circuit potential, low corrosion current density , high corrosion potential and pitting potential than martensite without aging.
This research deals with the extent to which corrosion affects the behavior of buckling for 6061-T4 aluminum alloy under increasing compressive dynamic loads. Two types of columns, long, and intermediate were used.1% of the length column is the allowable lateral deflection. This is called the critical buckling of the columns. For the purpose of calculating the critical deflection, a digital dial gauge was used and set at a distance of 0.7 of column length from the fixed end condition for the column. The experimental analysis revealed that the corrosion time negatively affects the mechanical properties of materials such as the corroded specimens of 60 days (The least time to observe the corrosion of aluminum in the soil) which have approximately 2.7 % reduction in ultimate strength compared with the non-corroded specimen. Increasing the corrosion time reduces the critical load such as the maximum reduction will be 4.24% in critical buckling load for 60 days’ corrosion time. The results obtained were experimentally compared with the theoretical formulas of the Perry-Robertson and Euler-Johnson formula with the results of the ANSYS. It was found that the Perry-Robertson formula has a good agreement with the experimental results with a safety factor of 1.2, while the Euler-Johnson formula agreed with the experimental results taking a safety factor of 1.5. The ANSYS results showed a good agreement between the measured and calculated values by taking 1.1 factor of safety.
The assessment of prosthetic aortic valves through echocardiography, a pivotal noninvasive tool, encounters challenges, with discordant findings compared to invasive measurements, particularly in transvalvular gradients. To address these complexities, this comprehensive review article explores diverse methodologies and modalities for assessing prosthetic aortic valve performance. As these life-saving devices advance in complexity, the demand for precise and innovative assessment techniques intensifies. This journey through established and emerging modalities aims to inform clinical practice, foster experimental innovation, and enhance patient care in the realm of aortic valve prosthetic assessment. Ultimately, a profound understanding of the hemodynamic milieu engendered by aortic prosthetic valves serves as the cornerstone for optimizing valve design and clinical utility. The primary objective of this comprehensive review is to elucidate, with utmost precision, the multifaceted methodologies employed in the investigation and evaluation of mechanical prosthetic aortic valve.
The present investigation looked at whether the Bailey approach to aggregate gradation could be used to construct Superpave HMA blends. It also looked at how this approach influenced the rutting performance associated with these mixes and compared it to mixes of asphalt created by Superpave gradations. The current research included four aggregate gradations: both fine and coarse gradations for the Superpave and Bailey gradation procedures. The repeated loading test was utilized to assess the rutting performance. The findings indicated that temperature, stress level, and aggregate gradation all had a significant impact on rutting performance. In contrast to the other three gradations, the third mixture gradation exhibited the least amount of non-reversible deformation. It translates to pavement that is more resistant to rutting and less susceptible to it.
This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithm for multi-agent networked systems considering the role of directed information flow. Improvement of the performance of the implemented consensus algorithm has been achieved by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence are applied as well. Our analysis framework is based on tools algebraic Graph Theory (GT). Simulation of multi-agent system and the performance of a consensus algorithm have been discussed. Acceleration the network while approaching the required goal has been accomplished and elimination of undesired swing that appears during the acceleration was proved.
This research submits theoretical and experimental realization of shear behavior of RC I-beams with polypropylene fiber with different volume fraction of plastic fiber as additive. The enhance of the sustainability of structural elements through the development of its mechanical performance by adding new materials such as plastic raw materials has become more important in the current period , particularly I- beams that was used in the long spans structure to become more environmentally-friendly. Seven specimens were tested in this study and only the amount of fiber volume fraction was varied. Experimental results showed that the ultimate strengths are increased in range (4.4% to 35.27%) that of control IB-1 for the tested beams containing Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete (PPFRC) with varied amount percentage of fiber material. Crack arrest mechanism of polypropylene fibers, and compressive strength of concrete increased in range (7.42% to 29.3%) that of plain concrete, and improved the tensile response in range (8.36% to 92.7%) that of plain concrete, limited crack propagation. So, improved behavior was obtained._x000D_ ANSYS 11, Finite Element models software are used to emulate two tested I-beams. 3D - nonlinear solid elements was utilized to model the concrete, while, the steel reinforcement was demonstrated by spar element. It was found that the general practices of the FE models demonstrated acceptable concurrence with perceptions and information from the experimental tests.
Computational and experimental investigations of thrust vectoring using co flow method had been carried in the present work. The experimental investigation included design and construction of rig with rectangular duct with aspect ratio (4.4) in order to investigate the effect of various geometric variables on thrust vectoring angle. Set of experiments tests carried out over the mass flow ratio ( ) range 0 ? ? 0.23, gap height h/H= (0.0294, 0.0588, 0.088 and 0.1176) and coanda surface diameter ?/H= (1.176, 2.353 and 3.529). _x000D_ Load measurements were obtained using four load cells. The computational investigation involved a 3D numerical solution by FLUENT 6.3.26 Software for some of experimental cases. The results show that the increase in secondary jet blowing rate lead to increase the jet vectoring angle, there are three zone can be observed, dead zone appears at low mass flow ratios, then followed by control region in which continuous thrust vector control can be achieved followed by a saturation region. The coanda surface diameter determines the length of the dead zone, which a small coanda surface used for coanda effect resulted in a prolonged dead zone range and the secondary gap height to the primary gap height had inverse relation with jet vectoring angle. The investigation shows that both the experimental and computational results obtained follow a similar trend line.
The present work deals with direct diffusion bonding welding without interlayer of austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304L with Oxygen Free High Conductivity pure copper (OFHC) in vacuum atmosphere (1.5 *10-5 mbr.). The optimum bonding conditions are temperature of 650 ?C, duration time of 45 min. and the applied stress of 30 MPa, in order to secure a tight contact between the mating surfaces. The corrosion behavior of diffusion bonding joints in 3.5% Nacl is studied to evaluate the corrosion resistance of welding joints by using Potentiodynamic method. The observed microstructure of corroded specimen of optimum diffusion bonding joint shows that the corrosion current density has low value as compared with base materials used. During polarization, galvanic coupling is observed between two materials used. At passivity region, inverse polarity is occurred at 450mV. Therefore, passive stainless steel 304 L behaves as cathode respective to pure copper, the corrosion behavior of the diffusion bonding joint was mostly by copper side. The corrosion results indicate the presence of galvanic effect. The corrosion current density of copper, stainless steel 304L and bond joints condition were (3.66 µA/cm2, 1.62 µA/cm2 and 1.85µA/cm2) respectively. A SEM examination of corroded diffusion bonding joint indicates that the galvanic corrosion happened on copper side. The corrosion rate of bonding joint conditions was 0.85 mpy, which is less than 1%. This means that corrosion resistance of bond joint is more than excellent.
The interest in the Eye-tracking technology field dramatically grew up in the last two decades for different purposes and applications like keeping the focus of where the person is looking, how his pupils and irises are reacting for a variety of actions, etc. The resulted data can deliver an extraordinary amount of information about the user when it's interlocked through advanced data analysis systems, it may show information concerned with the user’s age, gender, biometric identity, interests, etc. This paper is concerned about eye motion tracking as an unadulterated tool for different applications in any field required. The improvements in this area of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) with eye-tracking techniques allow large opportunities to develop algorithms and applications. In this paper number of models were proposed based on Convolutional neural network (CNN) have been designed, and then the most powerful and accurate model was chosen. The dataset used for the training process (for 16 screen points) consists of 2800 training images and 800 test images (with an average of 175 training images and 50 test images for each spot on the screen of the 16 spots), and it can be collected by the user of any application based on this model. The highest accuracy achieved by the best model was (91.25%) and the minimum loss was (0.23%). The best model consists of (11) layers (4 convolutions, 4 Max pooling, and 3 Dense). Python 3.7 was used to implement the algorithms, KERAS framework for the deep learning algorithms, Visual studio code as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and Anaconda navigator for downloading the different libraries. The model was trained with data that can be gathered using cameras of laptops or PCs and without the necessity of special and expensive equipment, also It can be trained for any single eye, depending on application requirements.
The purpose of this study is to reduce weight and improve the mechanical properties of aircraft wing using Hybrid materials known as fiber metal laminates (FMLs). In this study, seven layers were used to produce the FMLs that consist of aluminum alloy2024-T3 reinforced by carbon and glass fibers bonded with blend of epoxy-resole. The Carbon Glass Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (CAGRALLs) was used as FMLs. The results showed that The CAGRALLs gave good mechanical properties because of increasing in tensile strength, elongation at fracture and impact toughness except flexural strength by comparing with other FMLs using commercial epoxy. The increasing in layers led to weaken adhesion force between layers of FMLs caused decreasing almost mechanical properties. The FMLs has good mechanical properties by using carbon and glass fibers by comparing with carbon and jute fibers. The CAGRALLs have higher numbers of cycles at failure under cyclic loadings than Aramid Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (ARALLs). The CAGRALLs have lower density by comparing with aluminum alloy 2024-T3 that used in manufacturing of aircraft wing.
Normal concrete is weak against tensile strength, has low ductility and also insignificant resistance to cracking. The addition of diverse types of fibers at specific proportions can enhance the mechanical properties as well as the durability. Discrete fiber, which is commonly used, have many disadvantages such as balling the fiber, random distribution, and limitation of the used Vf ratio. Based on this vision, a new technique was discovered, enhancing concrete by textile-fiber to avoid all the problems mentioned above. This paper presents all important consequence and conclusions obtained from previous studies on how to strengthen concrete with two-dimensional and three-dimensional textile-fibers, and focuses on the flexural behavior of concrete members. The results indicate that there was an improvement in flexural strength, deformation capacity, and toughness with different load conditions when using different types of textile-fiber. It was observed that the effect of textile-fibers would increase when this fiber was coated by epoxy. In TRC system, there is a significant impact on the number of textile-fiber layers used.