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Go to Editorial ManagerThe consequence of mixing pure ethanol with gasoline on the pollution and performance of SI engine are investigated experimentally in the existent study. The SI engine that employed in the experiment is a single cylinder four stroke. Analysis is carried out for engine operation parameter, CO2, CO and unburned HC productions. The measurements are recorded for several engine speeds from 1500 – 3000 rpm with load and ethanol addition of (0E, 10E, 20E, 30E, 40E, 50E,). The results displayed increasing in brake power, and brake thermal efficiency while the brake specific fuel consumption decreases when the ethanol- gasoline blends fuel increases. Also it was found that CO, HC, and CO2 concentrations decrease when the ethanol- gasoline increases. The best results obtained in the study is for the blend of E-50.
The aim of this work is to optimize EPD variables (voltage, time, and focus) using alternating current through the Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE). Coating Nano hydroxyapatite (Nano-HA) on a Ti6Al4V substrate depends on thickness and roughness, then characterization of a coating layer to determine the optimum state. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate by electro-deposition with ethanol as a solvent under AC current, to improve the alloy surface quality based on coating thickness and maximum coating mass meeting the requirements of a biological orthopedics application. Ethanol was used as a solvent to precipitate ketazone and HAp on the base alloy. Taguchi's approach was used in order to determine the optimal conditions for EPD and subsequently to apply various criteria for depositing the biochemical coating. The surface and cross-section composition of the paint is described by characterization. Numerous tests and inspections; Zeta, XRD and SEM stability test, water contact angle and optical microscopes were used to describe the surface morphology of the HAp layer. The value of the optimum conditions for deposition of the HAp layer which is a simultaneous thickness and maximum coating mass, was predicted at a sedimentation voltage of 40 V, 2 min sedimentation time and 1 g / L for the concentration of the suspended solution at room temperature. The validity of the model resulting from the response surface methodology was assessed by comparing the expected results with the experimental results. In addition, close agreement was observed between the experimental results and the expected results. For the solution at room temperature, the results obtained with the highest value of the coating thickness of 41at the surface roughness of 0.94 and the contact angle of the alloy before coating is 67.489º reduced to. 38.132º after plating, which indicates an increase in the harmony of the metal implant and biocompatibility.
The present work was designed on producing nanohydroxyapatite layers using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on 316L stainless steel substrate. The EPD coatings were prepared by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA)-chitosan nanocomposites on different substrate roughness (polish surface, 220 grit SiC grind, and sand blast surfaces). Depositions were performed using the suspensions of HA nano particles (3 g/L) in the mixture of alcohol and distilled water (ethanol, 5 vol. %water and containing 0.5 g/L of chitosan dissolved in 1 vol.% acetic acid. Coatings were achieved on the cathode at constant voltage, time and temperature (90 V, 5 min and 40 °C respectively); the pH value was performed and fitted at 4. After deposition, the coated samples were dried at room temperature for 24 h. The surface topography of coatings was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM was used to postulate both the surface and the cross section morphology of the coatings. The adhesion bonding between the deposited coatings and substrate were measured using tape tester to evaluate the adhesion bonding between the coating and substrate. The results showed the deposited coatings on sand blasted substrate has less porosity compared with the polish surface and 220 emery paper SiC grinding substrate respectively. The coating on the sand blasted substrate showed higher nanoroughness (122 nm), better adhesion bonding (removal area 15%) and higher thickness layer (12 µm) than that of the polish substrate and 220 emery paper SiC grinding substrate.
In this work, four fiber Bragg gratings are fabricated by infiltration different volumes of liquids (star line Glass Mechanix optical adhesive material, olive oil diluted with ?ethanol) into the hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC19-1550 (Thorlab Company)). The amplitude splitting interferometric technique with a high resolution specially designed translation stage was used for the fabrication process. This stage is capable of moving the fibers in micrometer ?resolution steps. The fabrication was carried out using blue laser operated at wavelength of 405 nm. The infiltrated four photonic crystal fibers were exposed to the blue laser beam of 405 nm forming periodic fringes for Bragg grating generation. These fringes were generated from the interference of two splitted laser beams. All fabricated fibers have the same Bragg length of 3.8 cm and average gratings periods of 0.224 ?m. The four fibers were analyzed by an optical microscope which displayed the areas that were cured using blue laser. The fabricated fibers also were tested by putting laser beam at one end of the fiber and determining the transmittance at the other fiber end by optical signal analyzer? (Thorlabs-CCS200). The resulted Bragg grating fibers have 653.3 nm Bragg reflected wavelength. The results also showed that fiber with higher volume of olive oil has the highest reflection peak about ?96.09647 %? with the greatest FWHM (full width at a half maximum) ?about 0.74 nm.In addition, three of the fabricated fibers (B, C and D) that contained olive oil were prepared for testing magnetic field sensor. The results show that all the fibers shifted to near infrared range. The results also showed that fiber with higher concentration of olive oil has the greatest magnetic wavelength shift about 653.4 nm, the highest fiber sensitivity about ??0.000494623656 nm/ Gauss?, the highest reflection peak about 96.91827? %, and the greatest FWHM ?about 0.98 nm.
High-performance polymer nanocomposites utilizing different-sized nanofillers had a lot of interest recently. Due to their distinct structural, and thermal characteristics. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and nanoclay (NC) have the most interest among the numerous types of reinforcing as filler elements for a polymer. The formation of hybrid from MWCNT and NC at various loadings (0.5%, 1%, and 2wt%) on the characteristics of epoxy polymer have been assessed in this work. The specimens have been created using solution blending procedures with the addition of solvent ethanol at a ratio of 1:1 for dispersed nanofillers, and then they have been re-mixed with epoxy. Tests like X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal conductivity were used to identify properties of epoxy. According to the test results, the thermal conductivity rise as the filler content rises at 1wt%, then start to decrease after 1wt%. The sample with the hybrid filler loading of 1 wt% produced the best performance. Since hybrid epoxy exhibits the best result of the thermal conductivity 135% over MWNT and NC nanocomposites of 1 wt.% reached 0.3568 W/m.K in the increased thermal conductivity property. By examining the EP nanocomposites XRD pattern. The hybrid of epoxy nanocomposites exhibits all of the NC and MWCNT characteristic peaks. Since interactions between the filler and the epoxy cause a shift in the peak location of 1wt%. Due to the homogeneity of the nanofillers entire epoxy matrix, there may be changes in the intensity or location of the peaks at 1% for 2θ= 20.13°, which corresponds to an interlayer distance of d=0.461nm.