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Go to Editorial ManagerThe paper describes a design and simulation of a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to control oil pipeline and depot plant. The aim of the process is to control oil transportation through a shared pipeline and to minimize products contamination. The study attempts to fulfill an optimal sequence of batches of refined products to satisfy the customer demands in term of: volume , maximum flow rate, optimizing the total operational cost, and reducing products contamination.The proposed system introduces a control algorithm to perform process control system functions and for achieving the tasks and actions in specific sequences and precedence. The control algorithm performs processing of pumping station control, sharing single oil pipeline, maintaining tanks level, and depot inventory control. This paper investigate many factors which effects the length of transmix segment, which enable to offer optimum solutions to reduce products contamination.LabVIEW software is used for performing various signals acquisition and monitoring, also for simulating and designing the control system strategy.
Accurately identifying the kind and amount of dissolved metal salts in wastewater used in oil refining processes is an iconic feature of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy. This method relies on the dissolved metal salts' ability to absorb light at certain wavelengths after reacting with it. The experiments were conducted in a lab setting with a broadband source (200-800 nm) to measure the absorbance of dissolved element salts and precisely identify the lowest concentration up to 2 ppm. A mixture of the mineral salts from oil refining operations was prepared and diluted to different concentrations using a standard solution. This allowed us to study and compare this result with the absorbance behavior of the wastewater from the Al-Dora Refinery. The two results reinforced that we can accurately estimate the detection parameters for the lowest water contamination. These materials are lead nitrate (PbNO3), phenol, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium chloride (NaCl2), sulfide (SO4), and nitrate (NO3). At wavelengths of 340, 404, and 741 nm, the concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100) ppm were found, and for the concentration of 10ppm, the absorbance (0.15323, 0.15326, and 0.14685) was found, respectively. The process that has been tested with varying concentrations is considered and simulates the variation in river water concentrations caused by the river's water level and flow rate changes by the effect of rain abundance and thawing. It is fast, accurate data analysis, and a lower cost compared with the other chemical analysis and conventional methods.
Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has become an area of extensive research due to the extensive environmental contamination. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a distinct class of metal-organic frameworks that exhibit promise in the field of photocatalysis. This is attributed to their inherent porosity structure, versatile functionalities, rapid electron transfer rate, and excellent chemical-thermal stability are exhibited by this material. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of ZIFs and their derivatives can be greatly increased with the incorporation of active metals or semiconductor materials that act as light collecting centers or electronic mediators. Lately, there has been a growing focus on producing and utilizing materials under consideration are derived from the Co-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67).), due to their remarkably great surface area, controllable pore diameter, and outstanding responsively to visible light. This article provides an exhaustive review of the use of ZIF-67-based heterojunctions in visible light-promoted photo-catalytic breakdown of organic dye contaminants. The review discusses and summarizes representative works, with particular emphasis given to the synergistic impacts and proposed mechanisms of the ZIF-67 composite photocatalysts in boosting photocatalysis process. Finally, the recent achievements and challenges in this discipline are discussed, and potential avenues for future investigation are suggested.