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Go to Editorial ManagerThis study focuses on reuse of biowaste material locally available as spend coffee to synthesis high surface area biochar and evaluate its potential to remove dyes with acidic and basic in nature, as Acid Fuchsin and Methylene Blue dyes. The biochar was fabricated using chemical activation with various concentrating (20, 30, 50) vol. % of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The pyrolysis process carried out in a tubular furnace under flow of nitrogen (N2) at 600°C for 3 hours. The final prepped biochar was analyzed using various techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, EDX, N2-adsorption, BET, and pore volume (Vpore). Furthermore, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to remove Acid Fuchsin and Methylene Blue dyes from aqueous solutions under different variables of pH of solution (2-8), contact time (0-240) min, initial dye concentration (20-200) ppm, and weight of dosage (0.1-0.5) g/L. The results show that the best surface area and pore volume has been archived for the prepared biochar at 30% H3PO4 concentration were (1385.269 m2/g and 1.12 cm3/g) respectively. As well as, the maximum removal percentage was 92.5% for Fuchsin dye and 90% for Methylene Blue dye achieved at 180 minutes of adsorbing time, with maximum removal achieved with initial dye concentration of 20 ppm, 6.5 pH solution, and 0.3 g/L adsorbent. The study found that Freundlich isotherm and kinetic adsorption models fit well with the batch experimental data, which indicates homogenous distribution and limiting active sites with adsorption capacity (384.61) mg/g and (357.14) mg/g for Acid Fuchsin and Methylene Blue dyes, respectively. While, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicates a physic-sorption is the limiting step.
Applying conjunctive use between surface water and ground water is getting widely used at many regions in the world, due to the increasing need of water resources, especially when large quantities of water and for long time are used for irrigation purposes to meet agricultural production requirements.The linear programming has been formulated to optimize the optimum allocation of water. An economic analysis of conjunctive use for Al-Wand project in Iraq has been done for a certain cropping pattern using two scenarios of management and operation of ground water and surface water. One suggested scenario was to use ground tank to save the water during the period of water excess to be used during the shortage period. The other scenario was to operate the reservoir dam to supply the water requirements during the agriculture years. The main concerns of this research were: the fluctuation of the ground water and how to estimate the deficit of yield which is caused by using the decreased water in irrigation. The economic analysis has been done by calculating the overall cost and the annual estimation of return. It can be concluded that the operation of surface water at (60 and 70%) from total available surface is a compromise, because some of the water still flow in the river and canals and the ground water reservoirs were not affected especially its storage capacity.