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Go to Editorial ManagerAlternative fuels come from non-traditional sources and can partly replace fossil fuels to cut environmental impact and support sustainable energy use. A single-cylinder diesel engine with rated power 5.2 Kw at 1500 rpm was tested with American Saffron Biodiesel blends. B0 (diesel), B10 (B10D90), B20 (B20D80), and B30 (B30D70), under different loads, and the results were compared with diesel. B20 showed the best improvement, with 13.41% higher brake thermal efficiency and 30.3% lower fuel usage than conventional fuel, at 100% load. B30 reduced HC by 5.88%, while B10 gave the lowest CO, reduced by 8.51%. The main contribution is the use of decision tree machine-learning regression to predict and optimize performance and emissions. The model achieved R = 0.91 and R² = 0.83, supporting the prediction of multivariable engine responses across operating conditions.
This study establishes a risk aware, multi objective methodology to select diesel plastic fuel α-terpineol blends that deliver robust engine performance across operating loads in a common rail direct injection diesel engine. Heterogeneous responses brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, smoke, and exhaust gas temperature are mapped to a unitless desirability scale and aggregated by load. Conditional Value at Risk across loads then prioritizes worst case behavior. By Conditional Value at Risk at level 0.20, the ranking is: diesel 0.242, diesel plastic fuel with 15% α-terpineol 0.197, 10% α-terpineol is 0.177, 5% α-terpineol is 0.157, diesel plastic fuel is 0.141, waste plastic fuel is 0.081. Relative to neat diesel plastic fuel, worst-case performance improves by 11% at 5% α-terpineol, 26% at 10% α-terpineol, and 40% at 15% α-terpineol, with the 100% load consistently governing the tail. Average brake specific fuel consumption decreases from 0.4553 to 0.4217 kg/kWh at 15% α-terpineol, average exhaust gas temperature falls from 321.4 to 293.0°C. Duty map mean oxides of nitrogen reduce from 512 to 474 ppm, hydrocarbons fall from 42.67 to 35.73 ppm. At full load, carbon monoxide declines from 0.52 to 0.46 %vol., and smoke opacity decreases from 52.28 to 49.71%. Within the tested window, 15% α-terpineol in diesel plastic fuel is the risk aware first choice, with 10% α-terpineol a near optimal alternative. The methodology remains stable under risk aversion and weighting changes at high-load calibration.