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Go to Editorial ManagerThe paper describes a design and simulation of a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to control oil pipeline and depot plant. The aim of the process is to control oil transportation through a shared pipeline and to minimize products contamination. The study attempts to fulfill an optimal sequence of batches of refined products to satisfy the customer demands in term of: volume , maximum flow rate, optimizing the total operational cost, and reducing products contamination.The proposed system introduces a control algorithm to perform process control system functions and for achieving the tasks and actions in specific sequences and precedence. The control algorithm performs processing of pumping station control, sharing single oil pipeline, maintaining tanks level, and depot inventory control. This paper investigate many factors which effects the length of transmix segment, which enable to offer optimum solutions to reduce products contamination.LabVIEW software is used for performing various signals acquisition and monitoring, also for simulating and designing the control system strategy.
A rapidly expanding global population has heightened the need for engineering technologies aimed to enhancing the mechanical properties of weak soil, raising concerns about the sustainability of engineering practices that depend on energy-intensive materials and methods from earlier times. Traditional ground improvement techniques like compaction, preloading, vibration, and chemical grouting are typically costly and frequently have very high energy and CO2 footprints. Soil stabilization employing bio-enzymes has been viewed as a resilient and ecologically beneficial method for modifying the soil characteristics. Calcite-induced precipitation methods have recently become potential techniques in geotechnical engineering for improving the shear strength of soils. One of the most promising methods among them is enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP). Enzyme induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is a bio-inspired technique based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate for enhancing the geo-mechanical properties of soils. In this technique, calcium carbonate acts as a cementitious agent that binds the soil particles together at the points of contact hence, increasing the strength and stiffness of treated soils, while relatively reducing the soil permeability and porosity. The achieved enhancements make EICP useful for applications such as ground improvement, construction materials, and erosion control over traditional binders. It is an environmental friendly technique that has generated great interest to geotechnical engineers. EICP particularly, has proven to be more effective since its application to all soils coarse and fine which have small pore size. This review thoroughly assesses the use of the EICP approach as a soil stabilization strategy conducted by various researchers. This review article studies urease and its implication on the characteristics of treated soil such as shear strength, permeability and micro-structural changes.
Open graded asphalt mixture is becoming more widespread where it is applied for various purposes, e.g. drainage of rainwater effectivity, traffic safety (high skid resistance), and controlling pollution noise. However, it has many other disadvantages, of which low stability, high stripping, and moisture sensitivity. The research aims to study the effect of styrene butadiene styrene SBS addition on the volumetric and mechanical properties of open graded mixture. In this research one type of aggregate with gradation (12.5 mm NMAS), asphalt of penetration grade (40/50), and cement as filler were used. Optimum asphalt content was selected based on the criteria of air voids content, asphalt drain down, permeability, and abrasion resistance (for aged and un-aged) samples. Other properties of open-graded mixtures, such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture susceptibility, Marshall stability and flow were evaluated. The results show that addition of polymer (SBS) leads to an enhancement in the properties of the modified mixtures. There is an improvement in Marshall parameters. Also, a slight decreasing is noticed for permeability and air voids. For Cantabro abrasion loss (aging and un-aging condition), the abrasion resistance is increased, the drain down of asphalt is decreased from original mixture by addition of SBS. Finally, the moisture sensitivity is improved indicating that modified mixes becomes more resistant to water damage.
In this work, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles was produced using sustainable green technology. With several loading amounts, such as 5%, 10%, 50%, and 100%, the banana peel extract was utilized as a capping agent. This was followed by calcinations at 400 ºC for 3 h in a muffle furnace. To evaluate the physical and chemical change of the synthesized nanoparticles, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS and SEM/EDAX was used. The characterization results reveald that the all the green synthesized ZnO NPs samples strongly supports the well-crystallinity with high phase purity. The average crystallite size of the prepared samples was calculated using Debye-Scherer's formula and the results shows that with an increase in extract amount, the average crystallite size was shrinking. The FTIR result verified the successful chemical reaction between zinc salt and banana peel extract. The UV-VIS results showed the effect of size quantisization phenomena at 100% extract adding. Finally, the SEM images for all the prepared samples confirm the spherical shape.