Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
type: channel
publisher: Al-Nahrain University
language: en
publication name: Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
issn: 2521-9154
items: Utilizing of using blocks in the stilling basin and their effects on characteristics of the hydraulic jump
items: Improvement and computational complexity reduction in estimating the direction of arrival using switched active switched parasitic antenna arrays for next- generation networks
items: YOLOv11 with spatial attention and preprocessing enhancements for accurate skin cancer classification
items: Auto Fish: Leveraging AI for fish species identification in natural habitats
items: Cyber security for smart inverters and distributed energy resources (DER)
items: Development of a flexible strain sensor from graphite-treated fabric for smart applications
items: Automation in loading/unloading semi-knockdown vehicles in assembly plants for intelligent navigation
items: Fatigue life of hybrid metal composite materials: A review
items: Effects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer wrapping strength on behavior of steel hollow short column under concentric axial force
items: Natural dyeing of cotton fabrics with licorice extract: the role of mordants in enhancing color fastness and protection from ultraviolet rays
items: IoT-enabled proactive women’s safety wearable with long-range fail-safe alerts
items: Adaptive sustainability strategies for old Najaf city: integrating heritage and urban development
items: AI-driven crop disease detection with efficient NetB3 hybrids for sustainable agriculture
items: https://nahje.com/nahje/article/view/522
items: Impact of synthetic fibers on the performance characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures: a comprehensive review
items: Enhancing concrete performance with Jordanian natural zeolite for continuous reinforced pavements construction and design
items: A review on using of both electro-osmosis and electrokinetic soil treatment methods to improve bearing capacity of soft clayey soils
items: Extending the mechanical-durability performance of hot mix asphalt modified with waste aluminum scrape powder
items: Development of High Performance (Mechanical and Wear Properties) of AA 6061-Hybrid Nano Composites Via Liquid Metallurgy Route
items: Influence of Stirring Speed on Mechanical Properties for Cast Nano-Particulate AA7075-Al2O3 Composites
items: An Investigation of the Shearing Forces Using Blanked Carbon Steel Sheets
items: The Porosity Effect of Stainless Steel Balls on Forced Convection Pipe Flow
items: Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility for Modified Open Graded Friction Course Mixes Used Styrene Butadiene Styrene
items: Effect of Different Friction Stir Spot Welding Techniques on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminum AA2024-T3
items: Effect of Alumina (Al2O3) Particles on The Mechanical Properties of Magnesium (Mg)
items: An An Analysis of Strain Rate Distribution Using Streamline Model and A Quick Stop Device in Metal Cutting
items: The Usage of Time Reverse Technology to Improve The BER Performance and Transmission Rate of IR-UWB System
items: Study the Effect of Using Microwave Energy in Chemical Processes for Dyeing and Printing Pretreatments of Cotton Fabrics
items: Inducing Frictional Force to Enhance the Transient Response in Beams
items: Effectiveness of Glass Wastes as Powder on Some Hardened Properties of Concrete

Utilizing of using blocks in the stilling basin and their effects on characteristics of the hydraulic jump
type: item
description: The stilling basin is a frequently used energy dissipators that converts supercritical flow from a dam's spillway into subcritical flow that is in compatible with the downstream river regime. They serve to prevent scouring, which happens when high-velocity water enters the dam's downstream reach. This scouring not only seriously erodes the downstream area but also damages the dam's foundation. In this research, the behavior of blocks of stilling basin and spillway toe in reducing energy losses and the longitudinal hydraulic jump toe position is evaluated. This research includes two cases ; case1 is a spillway and stilling basin without blocks, and case2 which is a spillway and stilling basin with chute blocks and middle blocks. By increasing the discharge from 0.010 m3/s to 0.020 m3/s, the difference in the dissipation energy for case1 and case2 are (17.6%, 24.7%) respectively, and that the percentage of decrease in the longitudinal hydraulic jump toe position is (83.94%, 85.90%, 86.30%, 87.20%, 88.39%, 87.58%, 80.64%, 77.94%) for the discharges tests from ( 0.010 m3/s to 0.017 m3/s). As a results, The using of blocks in stilling basin and spillway led to a rise in relative energy dissipation and decrease the longitudinal hydraulic jump toe position of stilling basins.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Spillway
  topic: keywords
subject: Stilling Basin
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Dissipater
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydraulic Jump
  topic: keywords
creator: Humam Amer Hadi
creator: Atheer Zaki Al-Qaisi
creator: Ali Akbar Akhtari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 181
ending page: 185
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010181

Improvement and computational complexity reduction in estimating the direction of arrival using switched active switched parasitic antenna arrays for next- generation networks
type: item
description: This research studies the capabilities of antenna arrays known as switched active switched parasitic antennas (SASPA) in enhancing the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of received signals. In these arrays, a single antenna element operates in an active state while the other antenna elements are parasitic at one time of measurement. In the next measurement time, a parasitic element is switched to an active state while the active element is switched to a parasitic state, and the procedure is quickly repeated for each array element. By a straightforward arrangement of SASPA measurements, a functional steering matrix can be produced without any unitary transformation. This steering matrix results from a real-valued matrix that contains the information on the DOAs of the received signals, multiplied by a vector that represents the mutual coupling. The advantages of this steering matrix contribute to obtaining high-resolution DOA estimation with considerably reduced processing time compared to the conventional antenna arrays where all antenna elements are in an active state. The simulations conducted in this study evidently demonstrate that the resolution of DOA estimation with SASPA arrays is considerably superior, irrespective of the array’s compact size and the directions and proximity of received signals to each other. Additionally, other simulations in this work depict that the processing time for DOA estimation using SASPA arrays is significantly reduced (approximately one-third less on average) in comparison to traditional all-active antenna arrays.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Direction of Arrival Estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: MUSIC Algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: Mutual Coupling
  topic: keywords
subject: Switched Active Switched Parasitic Antenna Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabah Jasem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 120
ending page: 130
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010120

YOLOv11 with spatial attention and preprocessing enhancements for accurate skin cancer classification
type: item
description: This work suggests a Deep Learning (DL) architecture based on You Only Look Once YOLOv11 for Skin Cancer (SC) detection. The similarity between malignant and benign lesions makes visual inspection a failure to distinguish between them. To solve this problem, the proposed approach uses a 3-step pre-processing stage, namely hair removal, color normalization, and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) contrasts, has been conducted to eliminate artifacts and improve image quality. Balanced data augmentation on the training set of the PROVe-AI dataset. In this process, YOLOv11 with C3k2 module and C2PSA module showed significant results in optimized multi-scale feature collection and spatial interest. The experimental outcome demonstrates that the proposed model has a classification accuracy of 93.09% and led the baseline models, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The proposed optimized YOLOv11 architecture allows for skin cancer detection in a computationally efficient framework with promising preliminary results so that the proposed approach can be a beneficial Artificial intelligence (AI) tool for early diagnosis, particularly in a lack of high-tech medical facilities.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Image Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Melanoma Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Skin Cancer Classification
  topic: keywords
subject: YOLOv11
  topic: keywords
creator: Aythem Khairi Kareem
creator: Ahmed Adil Nafea
creator: Afrig Aminuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 141
ending page: 151
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010141

Auto Fish: Leveraging AI for fish species identification in natural habitats
type: item
description: Identifying fish species in natural aquatic environments remains challenging due to changing light conditions, turbid water, and complex underwater scenes. Most current deep-learning models rely on controlled datasets, which limits their use in real-world settings. This study presents Auto Fish, a mobile deep-learning system for real-time, offline fish species identification on Android devices. The system uses the MobileNetV2 architecture, optimized with TensorFlow Lite for processing on the device. This approach ensures high accuracy while keeping computational costs low. We trained and evaluated the model on a balanced dataset of 8,000 annotated images, including nine marine species: Sea bass, Red sea bream, Horse mackerel, Gilt-head bream, Shrimp, Black sea sprat, Trout, Red mullet, and Striped red mullet. Extensive preprocessing, image enhancement, and stratified sampling helped the model perform well despite variations in lighting and background conditions. The experimental results showed a validation accuracy of 99.2%, with both macro and micro Precision, Recall, and F1-scores around 99.3%, and an average False Positive Rate (FPR) of 0.09%. The system supports offline recognition, cloud syncing via Firebase, and delivers real-time results within 4.2 seconds per image on mid-range smartphones. These findings show that Auto Fish can effectively classify fish species in the field while remaining efficient and easy to use. This work offers a practical AI-based solution that connects research with ecological monitoring, empowering citizen scientists and conservationists to document biodiversity using mobile technology.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: MobileNetV2
  topic: keywords
subject: Fish Species Identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensorflow Lite
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecological Monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-Time Classification
  topic: keywords
creator: Neha Bora
creator: Rajendra S. Chaudhari
creator: Monika P. Surse
creator: Rajendra C. Patil
creator: Pradyumna Mulchand Bora
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 131
ending page: 140
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010131

Cyber security for smart inverters and distributed energy resources (DER)
type: item
description: The growing use of “distributed energy resources (DER)” will result in a significant increase in the total number of gadgets or devices that users and third parties own and control. These gadgets rely largely on digital communication and control, placing them in danger due to cyber threats. This study presents a comprehensive framework that is resistant to attacks for defending integrated DER and major power grid infrastructure from hostile cyber-attacks, ensuring the safe integration of DER without jeopardizing system dependability and stability. This research focuses on the development of a cyber-physical power system that incorporates a significant integration of DER and analyses the particular cyber security problems brought about by DER integration. Following that, we provide a systematic DER resilience analysis approach, in addition to effective and measurable resilience measurements and concepts concerning design, and we summarize important DER assault scenarios. In conclusion, we suggest preventive, detective, and responsive measures against cyber-attacks, specifically tailored for integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) throughout the physical, cyber device, and regulatory levels of an eventual smart grid.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Resilience Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber-Physical Power System
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Grid Integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Qaeser Mohsen Khayoon
creator: Hassan Hadi M. A. Al-Fatlawi
creator: Ali Jasim Albhadly
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 174
ending page: 180
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010174

Development of a flexible strain sensor from graphite-treated fabric for smart applications
type: item
description: This research is based on developing a flexible strain sensor from graphite-treated fabric using knife coating technology. Three sensors were formed, differing in the number of coating layers (2, 4, 6). The results of studying their properties had shown that with increasing a number of coating layers, the electrical conductivity value of the treated samples increased, reaching a value of (21.8×10-3 S/cm). The treated layer was superficial, as the penetration of the coating into the structure did not increase significantly. It was also shown that the treatment did not affect the fabric properties such as hardness and tear strength. When studying the sensor's performance, it was found that the sensor's resistance value changes with the change in its bending angle. The change rate was higher for the six-layer sample, and the response time was shorter, faster (0.8s), than the other samples. Then, a working system was applied to the sensor to give a command to turn the LED on or off by bending the sensor and it showed good performance. This, in turn, confirms the effectiveness of applying this sensor in smart wearable textiles.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Flex Strain Sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Graphite
  topic: keywords
subject: Knife Coating
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Fabric
  topic: keywords
subject: Technical Fabric
  topic: keywords
creator: Nsreen Alatrash
creator: Ghazal Tuhmaz
creator: Ziad Saffour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 111
ending page: 119
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010111

Automation in loading/unloading semi-knockdown vehicles in assembly plants for intelligent navigation
type: item
description: Manual handling of semi-knockdown vehicles in assembly plants is unsafe, time-consuming, inefficient, and prone to quality irregularities. To intervene in addressing these problems, this study develops a prototype of an automated load carrier intelligent navigator. The work centre is analysed for space, material type and handling requirements. This is followed by design and testing, whereby software, hardware and mechanical engineering are integrated in the context of process optimisation. The prototype was tested on rough and smooth surfaces, for no-obstacle and obstacle avoidance conditions. On rough and smooth surfaces with no obstacles, the minimum distance considered is 0.5m, and the average speed and time determined are 0.08m/s and 6.23s, 0.17m/s and 2.97s, respectively. For the maximum distance of 3.0m, the average speeds and times determined are 0.081 m/s and 37.42s, and 0.18 m/s and 17.35s, respectively. The average distance considered for both rough and smooth surfaces is 1.75 m, and the average speed and time at each scenario are 0.081 m/s, 21.78s, and 0.17 m/s, 10.26s. The voltage of the battery drops, with a corresponding decrease in the speed of the motors. The automated carrier prototype makes the best decisions when it encounters an obstacle, giving the best outputs. This paper contributes by providing real-time intelligent navigation data and accurate regulation of the automated carrier for automotive assembly plants. Its novelty lies in conducting experimental investigations using the automated loading/unloading intelligent navigator to explore its advantages compared to manual loading/unloading in automotive assembly plants. In conclusion, building a carrier for assembly operations enhances assembly operational performance, correcting inefficient and unsafe loading and unloading processes.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Automated Carrier
  topic: keywords
subject: Semi-Knockdown Vehicles
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuzzy Logic Control Unit
  topic: keywords
subject: Automated Carrier Prototype Design
  topic: keywords
creator: Adeyinka Oluwo
creator: Muhiz Ambali
creator: Sunday Ayoola Oke
creator: Henry Omoregbe
creator: Bayo Ogunmola
creator: David Livingstone
creator: Francis Onoroh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 152
ending page: 173
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010152

Fatigue life of hybrid metal composite materials: A review
type: item
description: Hybrid metal composite materials, combining diverse metal components, have emerged as promising alternatives in engineering applications, offering a unique synergy of mechanical properties. This review comprehensively examines the fatigue life of hybrid metal composites, delving into the intricate interplay of materials, manufacturing processes, and environmental factors. Drawing from a rich array of literature, the review explores the evolution of hybridization strategies, emphasizing their impact on fatigue resistance. Key factors influencing fatigue behavior, including material selection, manufacturing techniques, and environmental conditions, are systematically analyzed. The article highlights the significance of strategic hybridization in enhancing fatigue characteristics, reducing costs, and optimizing the overall performance of metal composites. The insights presented contribute to advancing the understanding of fatigue mechanisms in hybrid metal composite materials, offering valuable guidance for future research and engineering applications. Hybrid metal composite materials, characterized by the combination of diverse metal components, have garnered significant attention in engineering applications due to their potential to provide a unique synergy of mechanical properties. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate aspects of the fatigue life of hybrid metal composites, offering a thorough analysis of the interplay between materials, manufacturing processes, and environmental factors.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Mechanical proporties
  topic: keywords
subject: Fatigue Life Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Manufacturing Techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Metal Composite Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Metal Composites
  topic: keywords
subject: Fatigue Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Yaseen Rashid
creator: Basim M. Fadhil
creator: Dlair O. Ramadan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 57
ending page: 66
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010057

Effects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer wrapping strength on behavior of steel hollow short column under concentric axial force
type: item
description: In this study, behavior of steel hollow short columns fabricated from steel square section under axial load is investigated with and without CFRP strengthening, five specimens of SHSC without strengthening are tested by applying concentric axial force; and the obtained results are compared with fifteen SHSC strengthened with CFRP wrapping with different five percentage from the total length of the specimens as follows (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) and each strengthening length consist from three different layers (one, two and three) layers. The curves of load-displacement are plotted for the specimens with maximum strength load. The results show that the most effective type of CFRP wrap strengthening is the full length of the specimens and especially with two and three layers. The increase in the load carrying capacity is 34.5% from 126.37 kN for SHSC-C to 170.02 kN for SHSC-100-3L, and the increase for ductility index is 23.6 % from 1.39 for SHSC-C to 1.72 for SHSC-100-2L. The pattern of failure for the specimens; non strengthened or strengthened with less than full length is local buckling, while the failure is CFRP rupture with local buckling for specimens strengthened with full length specimen.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Wrap
  topic: keywords
subject: Local Buckling
  topic: keywords
subject: Steel Hollow Short Columns (SHSC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
  topic: keywords
subject: CFRP Rupture
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Farhan Kadhim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 75
ending page: 86
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010075

Natural dyeing of cotton fabrics with licorice extract: the role of mordants in enhancing color fastness and protection from ultraviolet rays
type: item
description: The usage of non-toxic, eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles has achieved notable attention due to increased environmental attention about avoiding hazardous synthetic dyes. This has prompted a return to natural dyes and the search for new sources, especially locally available ones like licorice. In this study, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (70 g/l), prepared using ultrasound assistance, was used to dye cotton samples. The natural dyeing process employed a simultaneous mordanting method with zinc chloride and alum as mordants, in many concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 g/l). The color fastness of the dyed samples was evaluated using a scanner and ImageJ. The fastness of the dyed fabrics was tested against washing and rubbing, and samples with licorice extract showed excellent stability. A tear strength test was also conducted to assess the impact of licorice extract dyeing on the mechanical properties of the samples. It was observed that dyeing with licorice reduced the tear strength, but increasing the concentration of mordants improved the resistance to tearing, making the mordanted samples stronger than the mordanted ones.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Natural Dyes
  topic: keywords
subject: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mordants
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc Chloride
  topic: keywords
subject: Alum
  topic: keywords
subject: UV-Protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Hoda Sharouf
creator: Reem Salamon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 97
ending page: 102
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010097

IoT-enabled proactive women’s safety wearable with long-range fail-safe alerts
type: item
description: Women’s safety remains an urgent challenge, particularly in moments when conventional panic button devices fail due to a victim’s inability to act or poor network coverage. To overcome these shortcomings, TRIAD-Lite is introduced as an IoT-enabled wearable framework that unites multimodal physiological sensing with lightweight deep learning for proactive distress identification. The system captures heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, and motion patterns, while incorporating a triple-tap gesture to confirm user intent, all processed locally on a Raspberry Pi for real-time inference. Unlike reactive mechanisms, this design anticipates danger by analyzing variations in physiological signals that often precede visible distress. Communication reliability is reinforced through a hybrid strategy: alerts are transmitted via GSM or Wi-Fi under normal conditions, but in the event of limited connectivity, a LoRa-based backup ensures long-range transmission. Experimental analysis using simulated datasets yielded an AUC of 1.000 with flawless precision and recall, highlighting the model’s reliability and calibration. Further field evaluation demonstrated that LoRa maintained connectivity across 5.7 kilometers with complete packet delivery, proving effective for both rural and urban environments. By combining predictive analytics, gesture-based confirmation, and dual communication layers, TRIAD-Lite offers a scalable, privacy-conscious, and highly resilient framework that strengthens women’s safety and extends protective technology into regions where conventional systems often fail.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: women safety
  topic: keywords
subject: LoRa
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Long Range
  topic: keywords
creator: Antony Pradeesh
creator: M. Usha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 87
ending page: 96
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010087

Adaptive sustainability strategies for old Najaf city: integrating heritage and urban development
type: item
description: The Old City of Najaf stands out for its unique urban fabric and rich historical heritage, serving as a key destination for religious tourism while hosting worship facilities and housing for seminary students. As both a vibrant religious center and a cultural landmark, it presents a complex urban context that demands a careful balance between residents’ and visitors’ needs. This raises the question of how to adapt sustainability standards to align with the city’s environmental, historical, and cultural dimensions. Using descriptive and analytical methods, including field observations, literature reviews, and expert consultations in urban planning and heritage preservation, the study examines challenges like uncontrolled urban growth, strained infrastructure, and land-use conflicts. Initial findings suggest these issues significantly hinder sustainable development, particularly with growing demand for heritage tourism and Najaf’s role as a hub for religious studies. The study proposes practical strategies to preserve Najaf’s cultural identity, improve residents’ quality of life, and enhance its status as a sustainable heritage tourism destination, boosting its long-term appeal and sustainability.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: Preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Historic Center
  topic: keywords
subject: Najaf
  topic: keywords
creator: Husam Sachit Senah
creator: Rabee Jameel Al-Shammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 67
ending page: 74
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010067

AI-driven crop disease detection with efficient NetB3 hybrids for sustainable agriculture
type: item
description: In precision agriculture, crop disease detection can be a highly valuable undertaking in which scalable and correct solutions may save considerable amounts of money and loss of yield. This paper introduces a comparative analysis of state-of-the-art deep learning models with special attention to EfficientNetB3 hybrids, which are trained on a balanced subsample of the PlantVillage dataset with 33 classes based on nine crops. To overcome the shortcomings of the previous studies, which used unbalanced sample, a leakage-free balancing approach was used, resulting in 13,200 training and 3,300 validation samples. Custom head transfer learning was used where it was tested using two strategies; FreezeUnfreeze fine-tuning, and Singlephase training. MobileNetV2, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, GhostNet, in addition to other baseline CNNs, were compared to baseline Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The findings indicate that EfficientNetB3 hybrids are superior with an accuracy of ≥99.5% and 99.9% Area Under the Curve (AUC) and specificity than the previous CNN-based systems. The paper logically defines a performance ladder between model options and real-life deployment demands, such as lightweight mobile applications to precision agriculture systems, and points out future trends in the field-based validation.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Computer Science Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Transfer Learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Rituraj Jain
creator: Kuldeep Tapodhan
creator: Shubham Bhalala
creator: Yash Jotangiya
creator: Amar Davda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 103
ending page: 110
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010103

https://nahje.com/nahje/article/view/522
type: item
title: Surface modification of 316L Stainless Steel alloy using Nano Ceramic Hydroxyapatite, Magnesium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and composite coating by EPD to enhancing corrosion resistance in biomedical application
description: The toxicity of permanent implants is the main concern. The release of ions from the substrate leads to toxicity. Because of how the human body works biologically, the toxicity of corrosion compounds is a byproduct of wear and fretting debris. aimed to improve the corrosion resistance of a 316L stainless steel substrate. Bio ceramic Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated using the Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) technique. Stainless steel has good mechanical properties and high compatibility, but it suffers from body fluid attack due to its chloride content, which can penetrate the passivation layer, resulting in the release of chromium and nickel ions. Tissues and organs are damaged by the ions and debris that are released. To address this problem, it was coated with bioceramic using the EPD method. Suspensions of various powders—hydroxyapatite, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, and the composite—were prepared and coated by electrophoretic deposition. The coated samples were dried at room temperature to ensure a homogeneous coating structure. The zeta potential test for magnesium oxide and hydroxyapatite suspensions was positive, while zinc oxide and complex suspensions were negative. One of the important parameters for achieving electrolyte and implant balance is the open circuit potential (OCP). A substantial change towards a more noble direction (less negative) was seen in the OCP-coated (316 L) alloy, suggesting excellent thermodynamic stability. Tafel extrapolation analysis was used to obtain the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (Icorr) values of composite-coated stainless steel 316L, which are generally derived from the polarization curve. The findings that are in line with the MgO, HA, and ZnO coatings show a significant decrease in corrosion current (Icorr), an increase in corrosion potential (Ecorr), and a decrease in corrosion rate from (4.386 × 10-¹ mm/y) Stainless Steel 316 L to (1.417 × 10-² mm/y) MgO Coated and (1.222 × 10-³ mm/y) (6…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Corrosion
  topic: keywords
subject: Polarization Curve
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydroxyapatite
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioceramic
  topic: keywords
subject: Metallic Implants
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrophoretic Deposition EPD
  topic: keywords
creator: Aya Muhsin Hazber
creator: Ayad Naseef Jasim
creator: Abbas Al-Bawee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 47
ending page: 56
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010047

Impact of synthetic fibers on the performance characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures: a comprehensive review
type: item
description: The properties related to Synthetic fibers such as significant strength, ductility, and durability lead the fibers to be adequate in enhancing the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete mixtures and that indicated by several studies. This paper aims to deliver an overview about the reinforcing influence of synthetic fibers on the mechanical and performance properties of asphalt concrete mixture. This paper surveys the literature on synthetic fibers and their applications in enhancing the mechanical features of asphaltic mixtures. It could serve as a reference for prospective modification and development of asphalt pavement by synthetic fibres. The characteristics of prevalent synthetic fibers are introduced, and their usage in asphalt mixtures is evaluated. A review of fiber surface treatment techniques demonstrates that they can enhance the performance of synthetic fibers in asphalt concrete mixtures, especially on the chemical surface. The article debates how synthetic fibre inclusion influences asphalt concrete mechanical performance, including rutting resistance, tensile strength, water susceptibility, and cracking resistance. The review indicates that using fibers such as aramid, glass, polyester, polyamide, and carbon improves asphalt pavement resistance to permanent deformation.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Synthetic fibers
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiber properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Hot Mix Asphalt
  topic: keywords
subject: Rutting
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensile Strength
  topic: keywords
creator: Bareq Saleh Ali
creator: Ahmed Farhan Al-Tameemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 26
ending page: 34
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010026

Enhancing concrete performance with Jordanian natural zeolite for continuous reinforced pavements construction and design
type: item
description: Real-life strategies are applied to assess pavement functionality, high-quality performance, and durability throughout its service life. Estimating pavement maintenance and sustainability is difficult. High-performance continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) structural design and Jordanian natural zeolite (JNZ) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and unique mixed cement for green manufacturing are researched in this paper. The results obtained from this study showed that replacing cement with JNZ powder at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% improved concrete performance. Natural zeolite-mixed cement preserved concrete quality and reduced the need for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and sulfate-resistant cement (SRC) clinker. After that, slab universal testing equipment and Jordanian zeolite-blended cement-reinforced concrete slabs were developed for CRCP performance. Therefore, fresh concrete was tested for partial cement substitution and standard mixture workability. Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests on 7 and 28 days and durability test (water absorption) were utilized to assess concrete strength and natural zeolite's potential to reduce resource consumption and carbon footprint while maintaining structural integrity using Open LCA. Sustainable CRCP structure development improved performance, resource conservation, and carbon footprint over the prior mix, according to EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) software and chemical tests. This research improves materials and supports global sustainability goals.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Concrete Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Jordanian Natural Zeolite
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Continuous Reinforced Pavements
  topic: keywords
subject: Durability
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rigid Pavement and Sustainable
  topic: keywords
creator: Tamara Bani Ata
creator: Asmaa T. Ibraheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010001

A review on using of both electro-osmosis and electrokinetic soil treatment methods to improve bearing capacity of soft clayey soils
type: item
description: An overview of electro-osmosis (EO) and electrokinetic (EK) soil treatment methods is provided in this paper, along with their impact on pile capacity, installation, and foundation shear strength after improving the geotechnical properties of weak soils, particularly soft clays. As a result of their low shear strength, high compressibility, and poor drainage characteristics, soft clayey soils pose significant challenges in civil engineering. With EO and EK, pore water and ions are moved through the soil matrix under an applied electric field, resulting in consolidation, increased shear strength, and reduced plasticity. This review explores the fundamental principles of EO and EK, including the mechanisms of water transport, ion migration, and electrochemical reactions. It examines various electrode configurations, treatment parameters, and their influence on soil improvement. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the effects of EO treatment on pile capacity, considering both the increase in soil strength and the reduction in pore water pressure during installation. The impact on pile installation methods, such as reducing driving resistance and improving grout penetration, is also discussed. Finally, the review investigates the enhancement of foundation shear strength through improved soil properties achieved by EO/EK treatment. By synthesizing existing research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and limitations of EO and EK methods for ground improvement in soft clayey soils, offering valuable insights for future research and practical applications in geotechnical engineering.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Soft clay
  topic: keywords
subject: soil improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: electro-osmosis
  topic: keywords
subject: electrokinetic
  topic: keywords
subject: pile installation
  topic: keywords
creator: Azhar Sadiq Yasun
creator: Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
creator: Erol Güler
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 9
ending page: 25
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010009

Extending the mechanical-durability performance of hot mix asphalt modified with waste aluminum scrape powder
type: item
description: Moisture damage in terms of stripping; and aging surface in terms of raveling and abrasion are among the primary distresses that lead to the deterioration of asphalt pavement, diminishing the overall quality and functionality of road surfaces. This study investigates the impact of using low-cost and locally available waste aluminum scrape powder (WASP) with a particle size ranging from sieves No.8 to No.200. WASP exhibits a high bulk specific gravity and melting point temperature on HMA mixtures, which could also potentially enhance the density and stiffness of modified mixtures. Five quantities of additives 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% have been used to enhance the mechanical-durability features. The aggregate sources of AlDoz and AlNibaa'e were chosen, and different mixtures were produced utilizing Marshall and Roller compaction methods. The study's findings indicated that WASP enhanced mechanical-durability characteristics and reduced the asphalt mixture's sensitivity to abrasion, moisture damage, and aging. The optimal amount of WASP was determined to be 1.5%. In addition, based on the influence of the aggregate source and compaction technique, it is visible that the AlNibaa'e source and roller compaction mode provide superior outcomes compared to the AlDoz aggregate source and the Marshall method.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Roller Compaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Aldoz Aggregate Psource
  topic: keywords
subject: WASP
  topic: keywords
subject: TSR
  topic: keywords
subject: CAL
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmood Al-Obaidi
creator: Alaa H. Abed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 35
ending page: 46
doi: 10.29194/NJES.29010035

Development of High Performance (Mechanical and Wear Properties) of AA 6061-Hybrid Nano Composites Via Liquid Metallurgy Route
type: item
description: This research is devoted to study the influence of different weight percent concerning to the additions of Ti and Cu on mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061. The composite materials consist of different weight percentage of Ti (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) wt% and constant weight percentage of Cu (0.2) wt% which were fabricated by liquid metallurgy route technique. Microstructural characterization and phases have been examined by using SEM (scanning electron microscopic).SEM examination showed uniform distribution of nano Ti and Cu in AA6061. The consequences of mechanical tests demonstrated clear enhancement in mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, young modulus, ductility% and hardness at additive percentage of 0.4% Ti+0.2%Cu nano particles incorporated into molten AA6061. Percentage of enhancement ultimate tensile strength is about 73.3%, yield strength about 82.7%, young modulus is about 21.2%, the Vickers hardness about 42.6% and the decreasing in ductility was about 25.2% compared with the metal matrix (AA6061). The wear rate test was performed by using pin on disc rig for both hybrid nano composite and base metal (AA6061) under various loads (10,15and 20) N with sliding speed (1.282) m/sec at a (10) min’s time. The results showed a decrease in wear rate at 0.4%Ti+0.2%Cu compared with the base metal (AA6061). Improvement percentage of wear rate is about 105% at 20 N load.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hybrid Nano Composites
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribological Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstructure
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussain J. M. Al-Alkawi
creator: Abduljabbar Owaid Hanfesh
creator: Saja Mohammed Noori Mohammed Rauof
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 143
ending page: 150
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020143

Influence of Stirring Speed on Mechanical Properties for Cast Nano-Particulate AA7075-Al2O3 Composites
type: item
description: Aluminum metal matrix composites are widely employed for improving the mechanical properties. Various fabrication routes like liquid state, solid state and liquid-solid state are currently available for producing these materials. The objective of the present work is the fabrication of nano particulate composites AA7075-Al2O3 with different amount of nano particles (20-30 nm) reinforced material Al2O3 (2, 4 and 6 wt%) using stir casting technique at three stirring speeds (300, 850 and 1500 rpm). Tensile tests of these composites were carried-out to obtain the mechanical properties (ultimate strength and ductility). Vickers hardness tests were also performed to obtain the hardness number (VHN) of these materials. All tests were performed at room temperature. The microstructures of the best mechanical properties’ composites were examined for the three stirring speeds. It was revealed that the ultimate strength (?u) and Vickers hardness (VHN) for the composite containing 6 wt% Al2O3 fabricated at 850 rpm show the best properties compared to the other composites fabricated at 300 and 1500 rpm and the matrix. The ?u and VHN were increased by about (36.6 %) and (24.5 %) respectively. Ductility of the strongest composite (6 wt% Al2O3 at 850 rpm speed), however, was the least when compared to other composites and the matrix. With increasing the amount of Al2O3, ?u and VHN, an increasing trend was noticed while the ductility shows a reduction trend. The maximum reduction in ductility occurred for the composite containing 6 wt% Al2O3 obtained at 850 rpm. The ductility of the developed composite was reduced by (23 %). The optical microstructures of unreinforced, as-cast Aluminum alloy AA7075 and 6 wt% Al2O3 composites for all stirring speeds show dendrite microstructure resulting from the casting process, but the composite at the stirring speed of 850 rpm shows a more refined microstructure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: stirring speed
  topic: keywords
subject: cast Aluminum nano particulate composites
  topic: keywords
subject: mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: H. J. M. Alalkawi
creator: Asifa Mahdi Mohammed
creator: Raad Hameed Majid
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 109
ending page: 116
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020109

An Investigation of the Shearing Forces Using Blanked Carbon Steel Sheets
type: item
description: An important challenge confronted when using blanking to machine sheet metal is the treatment of the shearing force in demand for great strength and heavy stock. One of the methods used to decrease the force wanted is the increase of a punch shear angle. In this work, experiments were conducted to study the effect of shear angle for blank has a diameter (50 mm) on shear force of a low carbon steel sheet (AISI 1008). Low carbon steel is a very common material used in fabrication of sheet metal components, with thickness of (0.5 mm). Tools used in the blanking tests were one traditional flat end punch and four different bevel sheared rooftop punches, which rooftop punches were compared to. and it (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) a punches diameter (49.95 mm) by clearance (0.025mm) for each side , with a blanking speed (500mm/min). A special blanking die set is designed and manufactured and was a blank cut by a hydraulic press whose capacity (20 ton). The results showed that the blanking forces of (AISI 1008) low carbon steel metal could be decreased radically with best bevel punch geometry. Using (10°) shear angle at the punch end, the cutting forces decreased up to (90%) compared to the ones of the traditional flat end tool
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: blanking
  topic: keywords
subject: shearing force
  topic: keywords
subject: punch shear angle
  topic: keywords
subject: punch geometry
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Saad Jasim
creator: Ali Abbar Khleif
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 131
ending page: 135
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020131

The Porosity Effect of Stainless Steel Balls on Forced Convection Pipe Flow
type: item
description: An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effects of stainless-steel balls on forced convection flow in pipe under uniform heat flux. Water is used as the working fluid and stainless-steel balls as a porous media. The Reynolds number range from (5000 to 9000) based on the diameter of the pipe. The experiments were conducted on three various numbers of stainless-steel balls (N) with various diameters (dp), which give various porosity (0.33, 0.38 and 0.41). These are (N= 2400, dp=1mm), (N=1600, dp=3mm) and (N= 750, dp=5mm). Results show that, heat transfer coefficient increases with the decrease in the porosity due to the reduction in the space between balls. This led to an increase in turbulence and produced eddies. Furthermore, enhancement in heat transfer coefficient reached its maximum value of (45%) for ball diameter with (dp=1mm) and water flow rate (9 L/min). New Correlation equations for the average heat transfer coefficient were obtained for three different diameters of balls (1, 3 and 5 mm).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Porous Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Nusselt Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Particle size
  topic: keywords
subject: Stainless steel balls
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayser Munner Flayh
creator: Sajida Lafta Ghashim
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 102
ending page: 108
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020102

Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility for Modified Open Graded Friction Course Mixes Used Styrene Butadiene Styrene
type: item
description: Open-graded-fraction-course (OGFC), is a hot asphalt mixture usually utilized as a private purpose wearing course, because of open graded asphalt mixture and aggregates skeleton (stone-on-stone) contact, it contain a relatively high air voids’ percentage, after compaction which are permeable to water. In this research one type of gradation was used (12.5 mm) NMAS, to preparing the OGFC asphalt mixtures, penetration grade 40/50, crushed aggregate, asphalt content prepared with 4 % and up to 6 % by weight of mixture with 0.5 % increments. Optimum asphalt content (OAC) was selected based on these criteria, air voids content, asphalt draindown, permeability, and abrasion resistance (aged and un-aged) condition. The mix performance had been investigated by indirect tensile strength and moisture susceptibility (sensitivity) measured according to the (AASHTO T283-14). Results illustrate that the increasing of asphalt binder content leads to a decrease of the air voids content, abrasion loss and permeability values, while draindown increase, conversely, the indirect tensile strength (ITS) had been significantly increased for both conditions and this is a gaod suggestion to resistance alongside moisture susceptibility. It can be decided that the increasing of asphalt binder percent in OGFC asphalt mixture, leads to an increase in the thickness of binder coating around the aggregates. On the other hand, the influence of modifier that prepared with 4% styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) on OGFC asphalt mixture tends to improve the mix properties and exhibit higher (TSR) as compared with original asphalt by (31, 27.7 and 24.4) % at asphalt percent (4.8, 5.3 and 5.8) %, respectively. The SBS improved the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt which leads to reduce stripping of HMA, horizontal deformation, and increased the tensile stiffness modulus value.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: OGFC
  topic: keywords
subject: Draindown
  topic: keywords
subject: Cantabro Abrasion Loss
  topic: keywords
subject: Permeability
  topic: keywords
subject: Indirect Tensaile Strength And Moisture Sensitivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Miran Bahyam Ahmed
creator: Alaa Hussein Abed
creator: Yasir Mawla Hammood Al-Badran
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 94
ending page: 101
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020094

Effect of Different Friction Stir Spot Welding Techniques on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminum AA2024-T3
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparison of using different techniques for stir spot welding of Aluminum 2024-T3, which are refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), edited (RFSSW-pin) and conventional friction stir spot welding (FSSW), depending on the obtained tensile shear strength property. Specimens were prepared from AA2024-T3 sheet for chemical analysis and mechanical tests. Workpieces were stir spot welded utilizing the above mentioned techniques at four rotational speeds (2000, 2500, 3000 and 4000 rpm) using tool pin diameters (5 and 7 mm) for conducting the tensile shear tests. The microhardness along the cross section of the welded specimens was conducted at the best conditions as well as the microstructure examination. The comparison results revealed that at the rotational speeds (2000 and 4000 rpm) in both cases of tool pin (5 and 7 mm), the ultimate tensile shear force was slightly higher than that for other speeds. However, the ultimate tensile shear force was found higher at 3000 rpm speed with a tool pin 7 mm. The microhardness results manifested a W-shape at the best conditions. Finally, the microstructure examination depicted the morphology of the main zones of the weld joint.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: FSSW
  topic: keywords
subject: RFSSW
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensile shear strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro- hardness
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstructure
  topic: keywords
creator: Akeel Z. Mahdi
creator: Samir A. Amin
creator: Sadeq H. Bakhy
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 117
ending page: 123
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020117

Effect of Alumina (Al2O3) Particles on The Mechanical Properties of Magnesium (Mg)
type: item
description: In the present study, magnesium-based composites reinforced with different volume fractions (3, 5, 10, and 15) vol.% of micro sized Al2O3 particulates were fabricated by powder metallurgy technique which involves mixed, compacted and sintered. Powders were mixed by ball milling (without balls) for 6 hours at rotation speed 60 rpm. Then powder was compacted at 550 MPa and sintered at 530?C for 2 hours. Microstructures of sintered composites have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) energy dispersive. SEM image of sinter samples exhibit good bonding between the magnesium matrix and the alumina. The microhardness and wear resistance of micro composites has been improved significantly compared to that of pure magnesium. Highest value of microhardness is 97 HV at the volume fraction of 10 vol.% Al2O3.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mechanical Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnesium
  topic: keywords
creator: Hayder Muneam Abed Zaid
creator: Abdul Rahman N. Abed
creator: Hala Salman Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 124
ending page: 130
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020124

An An Analysis of Strain Rate Distribution Using Streamline Model and A Quick Stop Device in Metal Cutting
type: item
description: In this paper, a quick stop device technique and the streamline model were employed to study the chip formation in metal cutting. The behavior of chip deformation at the primary shear zone was described by this model. Orthogonal test of turning process over a workpiece of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy at different cutting speeds was carried out. The results of the equivalent strain rate and cumulative plastic strain were used to describe the complexity of chip formation. Finite element analysis by ABAQUS/explicit package was also employed to verify the streamline model. Some behavior of formation and strain rate distribution differs from the experimental results, but the overall trend and maximum results are approximately close. In addition, the quick stop device technique is described in detail. Which could be used in other kinds of studies, such as the metallurgical observation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: quick stop device
  topic: keywords
subject: streamline model
  topic: keywords
subject: chip formation
  topic: keywords
subject: metal cutting
  topic: keywords
subject: FEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Osama Ali Kadhim
creator: Fathi A. Alshamma
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 136
ending page: 142
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020136

The Usage of Time Reverse Technology to Improve The BER Performance and Transmission Rate of IR-UWB System
type: item
description: Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology has so many striking characteristics which includes low sensitivity to fading, superior performance, low interference, easy to penetrate in walls as well as in floor. The main motive of this work is to analyze the capability of UWB technology as various aspects and improve its performance, since the main drawback of this system is that the power spectral density of the transmitted signal is rather limited. The MIMO technology may provide a solution by increasing the received SNR for the same transmission power, but the problem in this case is the spatial correlation resulted. To solve the problem two technologies are integrated along with the UWB using Time Reverse (TR) by TR-MIMO and TR-SIMO. Among these integrations, the robust performance of the UWB is analyzed by comparing the transmission rates for a given outage probability. In the last step, the (SIMO/MIMO)-UWB and TR-(SIMO/MIMO)-UWB were compared in terms of BER values to create the way of applying the UWB in so many applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Time-Reversal (TR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Correlation
  topic: keywords
subject: Outage Probability
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Alkhaddour
creator: Mazen Youssef
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 81
ending page: 87
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020081

Study the Effect of Using Microwave Energy in Chemical Processes for Dyeing and Printing Pretreatments of Cotton Fabrics
type: item
description: The research focuses on studying the effect of microwave energy as an alternative heating method on dyeing and printing pretreatments of cotton fabrics. In this research, a microwave oven was used to heat the solutions which used in de-sizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerizing processes at different energy levels. The results showed the importance of this heating method in improving desizing efficiency where the best result was obtained at 180 W and 24 min and this method was beneficial in saving energy and time. The best result in scouring was obtained at 720 watts and 24 minutes, whereas at 720 watts and 20 minutes was the best result in bleaching. We can save energy, time and chemicals compared with the conventional method. The mercerizing by microwave increased the absorption of dye solutions for the samples compared with the traditional method, where the color strength increased by increasing the treatment time and the level of energy in the microwave and the best result was obtained at 900 watts and 90 seconds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Desizing
  topic: keywords
subject: Scouring
  topic: keywords
subject: Bleaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Mercerizing
  topic: keywords
subject: Microwave Energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Mohammad Almirdash
creator: Ziad Saffour
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 73
ending page: 80
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020073

Inducing Frictional Force to Enhance the Transient Response in Beams
type: item
description: This paper studies the effect of contact areas on the transient response of mechanical structures. Precisely, it investigates replacing the ordinary beam of a structure by two beams of half the thickness, which are joined by bolts. The response of these beams is controlled by adjusting the tightening of the connecting bolts and hence changing the magnitude of the induced frictional force between the two beams which affect the beams damping capacity._x000D_ A cantilever of two beams joined together by bolts has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The numerical analysis was performed using ANSYS-Workbench version 17.2. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental results has been obtained. In general, results showed that the two beams vibrate independently when the bolts were loosed and the structure stiffness is about 20 N/m and the damping ratio is about 0.008. With increasing the bolts tightening, the stiffness and the damping ratio of the structure were also increased till they reach their maximum values when the tightening force equals to 8330 N, where the structure now has stiffness equals to 88 N/m and the damping ratio is about 0.062. Beyond this force value, increasing the bolts tightening has no effect on stiffness of the structure while the damping ratio is decreased until it returned to 0.008 when the bolts tightening becomes immense and the beams behave as one beam of double thickness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Frictional Force
  topic: keywords
subject: Layered Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Micro-Slip
  topic: keywords
subject: Macro-Slip
  topic: keywords
subject: Dissipated Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Asperities of Interface
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamed Khanger Mina
creator: Waleed K. Al-Ashtrai
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-07-21
publication date: 2019-07-21
starting page: 88
ending page: 93
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22020088

Effectiveness of Glass Wastes as Powder on Some Hardened Properties of Concrete
type: item
description: This paper present glass waste material reusing in concrete as partial replacement of cement. Some hardened properties like compressive and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity and % absorption was made. The effect of glass powder on these properties was examined compared to reference specimens without glass powder. Five percentage was tested: 0%(reference), 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. From tests results one can conclude that replacing cement partially by glass powder enhanced strengths of concrete (compression and flexural) up to 20% replacing level Using glass powder as partial replacement of cement improved strengths and modulus of elasticity of concrete. The %absorption decrease with increasing of glass powder content. The results show that utilization of waste glass as powder in concrete can reduce amount of cement which save cost besides its environmental benefits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hardened Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Glass Powder
  topic: keywords
subject: Strength Gain
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural Strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Absorption
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Maher Yassin
creator: Akram Shakir Mahmoud
creator: Sheelan M. Hama
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences
date: 2019-03-27
publication date: 2019-03-27
starting page: 14
ending page: 17
doi: 10.29194/NJES.22010014